The puzzle of two tandem acyl-CoA ligases of F1.

Unlabelled: The F1 genome and those of many other pseudomonads contain two tandem genes encoding acyl-CoA ligases Pput_1340 () and Pput_1339 () with Pput_1339 () being the upstream gene. The designation was assigned when both genes were found to complement the growth of an acyl-CoA synthetase deletion strain with oleic acid as sole carbon source. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that residues of the ATP/AMP domain required for function of FadD were also essential for full function of FadD1 and FadD2.

The Enteric Bacterium Enterococcus faecalis Elongates and Incorporates Exogenous Short and Medium Chain Fatty Acids Into Membrane Lipids.

Enterococcus faecalis incorporates and elongates exogeneous short- and medium-chain fatty acids to chains sufficiently long to enter membrane phospholipid synthesis. The acids are activated by the E. faecalis fatty acid kinase (FakAB) system and converted to acyl-ACP species that can enter the fatty acid synthesis cycle to become elongated.

Lipoic acid attachment to proteins: stimulating new developments.

SUMMARYLipoic acid-modified proteins are essential for central metabolism and pathogenesis. In recent years, the and lipoyl assembly pathways have been modified and extended to archaea and diverse eukaryotes including humans. These extensions include a new pathway to insert the key sulfur atoms of lipoate, several new pathways of lipoate salvage, and a novel use of lipoic acid in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.

Diversity in fatty acid elongation enzymes: The FabB long-chain β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I initiates fatty acid synthesis in Pseudomonas putida F1.

The condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) by β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (KAS III, FabH) and decarboxylation of malonyl-ACP by malonyl-ACP decarboxylase are the two pathways that initiate bacterial fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in Escherichia coli. In addition to these two routes, we report that Pseudomonas putida F1 β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I (FabB), in addition to playing a key role in fatty acid elongation, also initiates FAS in vivo. We report that although two P.

Bacterial Emission Factors: A Foundation for the Terrestrial-Atmospheric Modeling of Bacteria Aerosolized by Wildland Fires.

Wildland fire is a major global driver in the exchange of aerosols between terrestrial environments and the atmosphere. This exchange is commonly quantified using emission factors or the mass of a pollutant emitted per mass of fuel burned. However, emission factors for microbes aerosolized by fire have yet to be determined.