Earth's ambipolar electrostatic field and its role in ion escape to space.

Cold plasma of ionospheric origin has recently been found to be a much larger contributor to the magnetosphere of Earth than expected. Numerous competing mechanisms have been postulated to drive ion escape to space, including heating and acceleration by wave-particle interactions and a global electrostatic field between the ionosphere and space (called the ambipolar or polarization field). Observations of heated O ions in the magnetosphere are consistent with resonant wave-particle interactions.

Differences in Academic Qualifications for Leadership at Hand Surgery Fellowships in the United States.

Objective: In the United States, orthopaedic, general, and plastic surgery hand fellowship programs train hand surgeons. Currently, differences in the academic qualifications of hand surgery fellowship directors (HSFDs) are unknown. This study compares the academic qualifications of HSFDs by specialty.

Limited number of spine surgeons among recipients of National Institutes of Health grants awarded for degenerative spine disease research.

Objective: Surgeon scientists remain underrepresented among recipients of National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants despite their unique ability to perform translational research. This study elucidates the portfolio of NIH grants awarded for degenerative spine diseases and the role of spine surgeons in this portfolio.

Methods: The most common diagnoses and surgical procedures for degenerative spine diseases were queried on the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results (RePORTER) database (2011-2021).

A Targeted Literature Search and Phenomenological Review of Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis and Healthcare Professionals of the Immunology of Disease-Modifying Therapies.

Introduction: The mechanisms of action of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) are complex and involve an interplay of immune system components. People with MS (PwMS) may lack a clear understanding of the immunological pathways involved in MS and its treatment; effective communication between healthcare professionals (HCPs) and PwMS is needed to facilitate shared decision-making when discussing the disease and selecting DMTs and is particularly important in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era.

Methods: In this patient-authored two-part review, we performed a targeted literature search to assess the need for better communication between HCPs and PwMS regarding treatment selection, and also conducted a qualitative survey of four patient and care-partner authors to obtain insights regarding their understanding of and preferences for the treatment and management of MS.

The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science.

Unlabelled: Measurements from NASA's Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the dynamics of Earth's geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen Probes were equipped with the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometers (MagEIS) that measured energetic and relativistic electrons, along with energetic ions, in the radiation belts. Accurate and routine measurement of these particles was of fundamental importance towards achieving the scientific goals of the mission.