The beauty of symmetry: siRNA phosphorodithioate modifications reduce stereocomplexity, ease analysis, and can improve potency.

Phosphorothioates (PSs) can be essential in stabilizing therapeutic oligonucleotides against enzymatic degradation. However, unless synthesis is performed with stereodefined amidites, each PS introduces a chemically undefined stereocenter, resulting in 2 unique molecules in the final product and affecting downstream analytics and purification. Replacing the second non-bridging oxygen with sulfur results in phosphorodithioate (PS2) linkages, thereby removing the stereocenter.

Defining benchmark outcomes for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: A global multicenter analysis of 1119 cases.

Objective: Benchmarking has been proposed to reflect surgical quality and represents the highest standard reference values for desirable results. We sought to determine benchmark outcomes in patients after surgery for drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).

Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included patients who underwent MTLE surgery at 19 expert centers on five continents.

Dietary wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors exacerbate CNS inflammation in experimental multiple sclerosis.

Objective: Wheat has become a main staple globally. We studied the effect of defined pro-inflammatory dietary proteins, wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI), activating intestinal myeloid cells via toll-like receptor 4, in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Design: EAE was induced in C57BL/6J mice on standardised dietary regimes with defined content of gluten/ATI.

An Explorative Study of the Causal Pathogenesis of Green Liver Discoloration in Organically Reared Female Bronze Turkeys () Considering the Infectious Risk Factors.

A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, 360 organically fattened Bronze turkeys were examined post-mortem throughout two fattening trials with two examinations each to determine possible infectious risk factors and reduce disease prevalence.

IL-17 Signaling in Keratinocytes Orchestrates the Defense against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection.

Keratinocytes (KCs) form the outer epithelial barrier of the body, protecting against invading pathogens. Mice lacking the IL-17RA or both IL-17A and IL-17F develop spontaneous Staphylococcusaureus skin infections. We found a marked expansion of T cells, comprised of RORγt-expressing γδ T cells and T helper 17 cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes of these mice.