Chemogenetic Suppression of Medial Prefrontal-Dorsal Hippocampal Interactions Prevents Estrogenic Enhancement of Memory Consolidation in Female Mice.

The importance of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) in mediating the memory-enhancing effects of the sex-steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E) is well established. However, estrogen receptors (ERs) are highly expressed in other brain regions that support memory formation, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The mPFC and DH interact to mediate the formation of several types of memory, and behavioral tasks that recruit the mPFC are enhanced by systemic E administration, making this region a prime candidate for investigating circuit-level questions regarding the estrogenic regulation of memory.

Sex Differences in the Rapid Cell Signaling Mechanisms Underlying the Memory-Enhancing Effects of 17β-Estradiol.

Little is known about how 17β-estradiol (E) mediates memory formation in males. In ovariectomized (OVX) mice, bilateral dorsal hippocampal (DH) infusion of E enhances memory consolidation in object recognition (OR) and object placement (OP) tasks in a manner dependent on activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling. Here, bilateral DH E infusion enhanced memory consolidation in both tasks among OVX female, gonadally-intact male, and castrated male mice, suggesting comparable facilitation of memory consolidation in both sexes, independent of testicular hormones in males.

The role of three-dimensional echocardiography in interventricular mass evaluation.

A young patient underwent a screening electrocardiogram (EKG) that suggested apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Serial investigation with echocardiography showed a well-defined hyperechogenic mass involving the interventricular septal. To better define the lesion extension three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography was done and it demonstrated a mass invading the septal myocardium, involving the major part of the muscular portion.

Relationships between the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 in serum in dairy cows in early lactation and reproductive performance and milk yield.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships of different insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) measures [5 distinct IGF1 concentrations on particular days, area under the curve (AUC), and linear regression coefficient] in the postpartum period in lactating dairy cows and reproductive performance. A total of 417 healthy multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were enrolled in the study. Serum samples for the determination of the concentration of IGF1 were collected on d 0, 4, 10, 20, and 40 postpartum (pp).