Kinds of Replication: Examining the Meanings of "Conceptual Replication" and "Direct Replication".

Although psychology's recent crisis has been attributed to various scientific practices, it has come to be called a "replication crisis," prompting extensive appraisals of this putatively crucial scientific practice. These have yielded disagreements over what kind of replication is to be preferred and what phenomena are being explored, yet the proposals are all grounded in a conventional philosophy of science. This article proposes another avenue that invites moving beyond a discovery metaphor of science to rethink research as enabling realities and to consider how empirical findings enact or perform a reality.

Psychologists' psychologies of psychologists in a time of crisis.

Beset by detection of replication failures and questionable research practices over the last decade, psychology has been deemed by many to be in crisis. The situation is exceptional not only for the many investigative practices being scrutinized but also for the attention given to the undue influence of psychologists' psychology on those practices. Comparative analysis of 2 crises finds that the earlier one focused on the experimenters' activities within the laboratory, whereas the current concerns center on experimenters' postexperimental work.

Clinical efficacy of teriflunomide over a fixed 2-year duration in the TOWER study.

Patients enrolled in the phase 3 TOWER study (NCT00751881) of teriflunomide had variable treatment durations (48-173 weeks). This has led to challenges when interpreting results in the context of other phase 3 trials of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis, which typically have a fixed 2-year duration. This communication reports clinical outcomes in TOWER over a fixed 2-year period.