Focus on pharmacotherapy for depression.

Many patients are prescribed antidepressants. This article discusses depression, as well as the available first- and second-line prescription medications used to manage the disorder in adults.

Obstructive sleep apnea and weight loss treatment outcome among adults with metabolic syndrome.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome who screen as high risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) lose less weight as part of a weight loss intervention than those who screen as low risk.

Method: We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized trial comparing 2 weight loss interventions consisting of dietary counseling for adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Participants were screened for sleep apnea using a validated screening questionnaire.

A Temporal Window for Signal Activation Dictates the Dimensions of a Nodal Signaling Domain.

Morphogen signaling is critical for the growth and patterning of tissues in embryos and adults, but how morphogen signaling gradients are generated in tissues remains controversial. The morphogen Nodal was proposed to form a long-range signaling gradient via a reaction-diffusion system, on the basis of differential diffusion rates of Nodal and its antagonist Lefty. Here we use a specific zebrafish Nodal biosensor combined with immunofluorescence for phosphorylated Smad2 to demonstrate that endogenous Nodal is unlikely to diffuse over a long range.