Mechanisms of innate events during skin reaction following intradermal injection of seasonal influenza vaccine.

The skin plays a crucial role in host defences against microbial attack and the innate cells must provide the immune system with sufficient information to organize these defences. This unique feature makes the skin a promising site for vaccine administration. Although cellular innate immune events during vaccination have been widely studied, initial events remain poorly understood.

Interleukin-32 promotes detachment and activation of human Langerhans cells in a human skin explant model.

Background: Cross-talk between skin keratinocytes (KCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs) plays a fundamental role in the body's first line of immunological defences. However, the mechanism behind the interaction between these two major epidermal cells is unknown. Interleukin (IL)-32 is produced in inflammatory skin disorders.

Physiological and Molecular Effects of in vivo and ex vivo Mild Skin Barrier Disruption.

The success of topically applied treatments on skin relies on the efficacy of skin penetration. In order to increase particle or product penetration, mild skin barrier disruption methods can be used. We previously described cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping as an efficient method to open hair follicles, enhance particle penetration, and activate Langerhans cells.

Impacts of informal trails on vegetation and soils in the highest protected area in the Southern Hemisphere.

There is limited recreation ecology research in South America, especially studies looking at informal trails. Impacts of informal trails formed by hikers and pack animals on vegetation and soils were assessed for the highest protected area in the Southern Hemisphere, Aconcagua Provincial Park. The number of braided trails, their width and depth were surveyed at 30 sites along the main access route to Mt Aconcagua (6962 m a.

Response of the bivalve Unio tumidus and freshwater communities in artificial streams for hazard assessment of methyl methacrylate.

In artificial streams (pilot rivers) supplied with the river water of Gave de Pau (France), we studied the effects of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the autochthonous bivalve Unio tumidus transferred into the streams and on natural freshwater communities colonizing the channels. Unio tumidus and freshwater communities were exposed to MMA for 15 and 30 d, respectively, at measured concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 122 mg/L.