Chromium and palmitic acid supplementation modulate adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in postpartum dairy cows.

Periparturient dairy cows exhibit intense lipolysis driven by reduced DMI, enhanced energy needs, and the loss of adipose tissue (AT) insulin sensitivity. Extended periods of low insulin sensitivity and negative energy balance induce lipolysis dysregulation, leading to increased disease susceptibility and poor lactation performance. Chromium (Cr) supplementation improves systemic insulin sensitivity, whereas palmitic acid (PA) increases energy availability for milk production.

Lipolysis pathways modulate lipid mediator release and endocannabinoid system signaling in dairy cows' adipocytes.

Background: As cows transition from pregnancy to lactation, free fatty acids (FFA) are mobilized from adipose tissues (AT) through lipolysis to counter energy deficits. In clinically healthy cows, lipolysis intensity is reduced throughout lactation; however, if FFA release exceeds tissue demands or the liver's metabolic capacity, lipid byproducts accumulate, increasing cows' risk of metabolic and infectious disease. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) and their congeners, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), are lipid-based compounds that modulate metabolism and inflammation.

A randomized control trial to test the effect of pegbovigrastim treatment at dry-off on plasma and milk oxylipid profiles during early mammary gland involution and the postparturient period.

The early period of mammary gland involution is a critical juncture in the lactation cycle that can have significant effects on milk production and mammary gland health. Pegbovigrastim (PEG) administered 1 wk prior and on the day of parturition can enhance immune function and reduce the incidence of mastitis in the early postpartum period. Oxylipids are potent metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and are important mediators of inflammation.

Intramammary calcitriol treatment of mastitis alters profile of milk somatic cells and indicators of redox activity in milk.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of intramammary calcitriol treatment on indicators of inflammation during an intramammary bacterial infection. Lactating Holstein cows were challenged with intramammary Streptococcus uberis. At the onset of mild or moderate mastitis, cows were randomly assigned to receive 10 µg of intramammary calcitriol (CAL, n = 7) or placebo control (CON; n = 6) after every milking for 5 days.

COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Students in Public Institutions of Higher Education in Arkansas in 2021.

Objective: Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine coverage among college students are not well studied. We analyzed the extent of COVID-19 vaccination among all students at public institutions of higher education in Arkansas in spring and fall 2021 and examined factors associated with vaccination rates.

Methods: We matched student enrollment data for the spring and fall 2021 semesters separately with immunization registry data to determine the COVID-19 vaccination status of students in each semester.