Potential backfiring effects of Marine Protected Areas on kelp herbivory.

The management and creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is currently under great focus, with international organisations aiming to protect 30% of our oceans by 2030. The success of MPAs depends on a nuanced understanding of local ecological dynamics and threats, which can significantly influence ecosystem balance. Herbivory can be a stressor for foundation species, namely kelp forests, contributing to their decline in several regions of the globe.

Use of Crithidia fasciculata extract for the facile enzymatic synthesis of GDP-L-[3H]Fucose.

For studies involving glycosyltransferases and nucleotide sugar transporters, radioactive nucleotide sugars are critical reagents. Of these, GDP-L-[3H]Fucose is currently commercially unavailable. Here, we present a facile approach for the preparation of GDP-[3H]-L-Fucose, using the enzymatic machinery present in the cytosol of the non-infectious and easily cultivated protozoan, Crithidia fasciculata, and its purification by solid phase extraction ion exchange chromatography.

LRH-1/NR5A2 targets mitochondrial dynamics to reprogram type 1 diabetes macrophages and dendritic cells into an immune tolerance phenotype.

Background: The complex aetiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D), characterised by a detrimental cross-talk between the immune system and insulin-producing beta cells, has hindered the development of effective disease-modifying therapies. The discovery that the pharmacological activation of LRH-1/NR5A2 can reverse hyperglycaemia in mouse models of T1D by attenuating the autoimmune attack coupled to beta cell survival/regeneration prompted us to investigate whether immune tolerisation could be translated to individuals with T1D by LRH-1/NR5A2 activation and improve islet survival.

Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from individuals with and without T1D and derived into various immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells.

Enhancing molecular diversity of peptoid oligomers using amino acid synthons.

We report the use of unprotected amino acids as submonomer reagents in the solid-phase synthesis of -substituted glycine peptoid oligomers. Subsequent coupling of an amine, alcohol, or thiol to the free carboxylate of the incorporated amino acid provides access to peptoids bearing amides, esters, and thioesters as side chain pendant groups and permits further elongation of the peptoid backbone. The palette of readily obtained building blocks suitable for solid-phase peptoid synthesis is substantially expanded through this protocol, further enhancing the chemical diversity and potential applications of sequence-specific peptoid oligomers.

Comparative Evaluation of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel Penetration Using Er,Cr:YSGG Laser and Passive Ultrasonic Activation After Apicoectomy: An In Vitro Study with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

Lasers from the erbium family have been investigated to activate irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), improving the disinfection depth of the dentinal tubules of the root canal walls during root canal treatment. However, the possibility of laser-activated irrigation (LAI) in retro-cavity preparation has not been investigated to the date. The aim of our experimental study is to evaluate the efficacy of NaOCl gel penetration inside the dentinal tubules when activated during retro-cavity preparation, comparing passive ultrasonic activation (PUI) and Er,Cr:YSGG LAI.