Delivery determinants of an type VI secretion system bifunctional peptidoglycan hydrolase.

is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and is a common cause of nosocomial infections. The increasing development of antibiotic resistance in this organism is a global health concern. The clinical isolate AB307-0294 produces a type VI secretion system (T6SS) that delivers three antibacterial effector proteins that give this strain a competitive advantage against other bacteria in polymicrobial environments.

Human intraepithelial mast cell differentiation and effector function are directed by TGF-β signaling.

Mast cells (MCs) expressing a distinctive protease phenotype (MCTs) selectively expand within the epithelium of human mucosal tissues during type 2 (T2) inflammation. While MCTs are phenotypically distinct from subepithelial MCs (MCTCs), signals driving human MCT differentiation and this subset's contribution to inflammation remain unexplored. Here, we have identified TGF-β as a key driver of the MCT transcriptome in nasal polyps.

No detrimental effect on the hand microbiome of health care staff by frequent alcohol-based antisepsis.

Background: The importance of ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHRs) to prevent health care-associated infections is undisputed. However, there is a lack of meaningful data regarding the influence of EBHRs on skin microbiome.

Methods: Four nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit were included.

Structure of a Rhs effector clade domain provides mechanistic insights into type VI secretion system toxin delivery.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a molecular machine utilised by many Gram-negative bacteria to deliver antibacterial toxins into adjacent cells. Here we present the structure of Tse15, a T6SS Rhs effector from the nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Tse15 forms a triple layered β-cocoon Rhs domain with an N-terminal α-helical clade domain and an unfolded C-terminal toxin domain inside the Rhs cage.

Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Allergic Inflammation.

The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), LTC, LTD, and LTE, are potent lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. These mediators produce both inflammation and bronchoconstriction through three distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)-CysLT, CysLT, and OXGR1 (also known as CysLT or GPR99). While CysLT-mediated functions in the effector phase of allergic inflammation and asthma have been established for some time, recent work has demonstrated novel roles for these mediators and their receptors in the induction and amplification of type 2 inflammation.