The importance of type I interferon in orchestrating the cytotoxic T-cell response to cancer.

Both type I interferon (IFN-I) and CD4 T-cell help are required to generate effective CD8 T-cell responses to cancer. We here outline based on existing literature how IFN-I signaling and CD4 T-cell help are connected. Both impact on the functional state of dendritic cells (DCs), particularly conventional (c)DC1.

Immune suppression by human thymus-derived effector Tregs relies on glucose/lactate-fueled fatty acid synthesis.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress pro-inflammatory conventional T cell (Tconv) responses. As lipids impact cell signaling and function, we compare the lipid composition of CD4 thymus-derived (t)Tregs and Tconvs. Lipidomics reveal constitutive enrichment of neutral lipids in Tconvs and phospholipids in tTregs.

Word Type and Frequency Effects on Lexical Decisions Are Process-dependent and Start Early.

When encountering letter strings, we rapidly determine whether they are words. The speed of such lexical decisions (LDs) is affected by word frequency. Apart from influencing late, decision-related, processing stages, frequency has also been shown to affect very early stages, and even the processing of nonwords.

Quantitative imaging reveals the role of MpARF proteasomal degradation during gemma germination.

The auxin signaling molecule controls a variety of growth and developmental processes in land plants. Auxin regulates gene expression through a nuclear auxin signaling pathway (NAP) consisting of the ubiquitin ligase auxin receptor TIR1/AFB, its Aux/IAA degradation substrate, and DNA-binding ARF transcription factors. Although extensive qualitative understanding of the pathway and its interactions has been obtained, mostly by studying the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it remains unknown how these translate to quantitative system behavior in vivo, a problem that is confounded by the large NAP gene families in most species.

A multifaceted kinase axis regulates plant organ abscission through conserved signaling mechanisms.

Plants have evolved mechanisms to abscise organs as they develop or when exposed to unfavorable conditions. Uncontrolled abscission of petals, fruits, or leaves can impair agricultural productivity. Despite its importance for abscission progression, our understanding of the IDA signaling pathway and its regulation remains incomplete.