[Sonographic findings of the mammary papilla of cattle].

Morphological structures of the bovine Papilla mammae can be differentiated with portable ultrasound units and 5 MHz linear arrays. For practical use it is possible to scan the teat in a water-filled plastic cup as a kind of water delay system. The visualization of pathological findings shows a possibility to evaluate this method as a diagnostic tool for the bovine teat.

[Sonographic diagnosis of early pregnancy in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, dogs and cats. Standard values and limitations].

Ultrasonography allows early and reliable pregnancy detection in several domestic animals. Transrectal sonography can be recommended in horses and cattle, transrectal or transcutaneous procedures in sheep, goats and pigs while transcutaneous ultrasound scanning is appropriate in dogs and cats. Three periods of time can be distinguished in the diagnosis of early pregnancy by ultrasound: the earliest phase, where signs of pregnancy can be found in some cases, but accuracy of diagnosis is very low; the succeeding period, where reliable diagnosis is possible, but results are often difficult to achieve and examination can be time consuming; the third phase in which ultrasound diagnosis is very accurate even under practice conditions and can be efficiently carried out on a large scale basis in breeding management.