Climate footprint of industry-sponsored clinical research: an analysis of a phase-1 randomised clinical study and discussion of opportunities to reduce its impact.

Objective: This study aims to calculate the global warming potential, in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent emissions, from all in-scope activities involved in a phase-1 clinical study.

Design: Retrospective analysis.

Data Source: Internal data held by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.

Aiding alternatives assessment with an uncertainty-tolerant hazard scoring method.

This research developed a single-score system to simplify and clarify decision-making in chemical alternatives assessment, accounting for uncertainty. Today, assessing alternatives to hazardous constituent chemicals is a difficult task-rather than comparing alternatives by a single definitive score, many independent toxicological variables must be considered at once, and data gaps are rampant. Thus, most hazard assessments are only comprehensible to toxicologists, but business leaders and politicians need simple scores to make decisions.

Echocardiographic changes in the development of the athlete' s heart in 9 to 20-year-old male subjects.

The purpose of this cross-sectional investigation was to estimate the age at which specific traits of the "athlete's heart" first appear and how they evolve from the beginning of regular physical training until young adulthood in healthy active males. Male athletes (n=389) and non-athletes (n=55) aged between 9 and 20 years were examined by two-dimensionally guided M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. Intragroup differences were examined by t-tests for independent samples between age groups of two years each.

[Temporal skin plastic surgery, a possible method for eyelid reconstruction].

Eyelid reconstruction of large defects is a difficult undertaking in small animal surgery. Instead of performing the well known Roberts and Bistner or Cuttler and Beard methods, we have introduced the following method for eyelid correction in case of large lid defects. On the temporal part, laterally (about the width of the eye) from the eye an uneffected skin flap is identified, mobilized, rotated and placed into the missing part of the eyelid.

Characteristics influencing changes in aerobic performance of children aged 7-9.

Interpretation of the actual level of aerobic endurance in a growing child is difficult. Endurance capacity per se is influenced by a number of factors, e.g.