Benefits of spaced learning are predicted by the re-encoding of past experience in ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

More than a century of research shows that spaced learning improves long-term memory. However, there remains debate concerning why that is. A major limitation to resolving theoretical debates is the lack of evidence for how neural representations change as a function of spacing.

Amniotic Tissue Injections Are an Effective Alternative to Corticosteroid Injections for Pain Relief and Function in Patients With Severe Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Study.

Introduction: The use of corticosteroid injections for short-term pain relief for knee osteoarthritis can have deleterious adverse effects. Amniotic tissue has shown promise in vitro; therefore, this study compared a morcellized injectable amniotic tissue allograft to corticosteroid injection.

Methods: Eighty-one patients with symptomatic severe knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 3 to 4) were prospectively randomized to either a double-blinded single injection of BioDRestore (Integra LifeSciences; n = 39) or triamcinolone acetonide (n = 42).

Constitutive surface expression of the thromboxane A2 receptor is Pim kinase-dependent.

Background: The thromboxane A2 receptor (TPαR) plays an important role in the amplification of platelet responses during thrombosis. Receptor activity is regulated by internalization and receptor desensitization. The mechanism by which constitutive surface expression of the TPαR is regulated is unknown.

Proteolytic shedding of CD46 from human hepatocytes indicates liver stress.

Background: Routine liver function tests capture information about the metabolic and inflammatory condition of the liver, but we lack sensitive biomarkers of early hepatocyte stress. In humans, soluble CD46 (sCD46) levels in blood were recently identified as an accurate biomarker of hepatic steatosis. Here, we explore the diagnostic utility of sCD46 in other liver diseases.