Reference-free x-ray fluorescence analysis with a micrometer-sized incident beam.

Spatially resolved x-ray fluorescence (XRF) based analysis employing incident beam sizes in the low micrometer range (XRF) is widely used to study lateral composition changes of various types of microstructured samples. However, up to now the quantitative analysis of such experimental datasets could only be realized employing adequate calibration or reference specimen. In this work, we extent the applicability of the so-called reference-free XRF approach to enable reference-freeXRF analysis.

Influence of the Emitter Shape on the Field-of-View in Atom Probe Tomography.

Atom probe tomography (APT) is a unique analytical technique that offers three-dimensional elemental mapping with a spatial resolution down to the sub-nanometer. When APT is applied on complex heterogenous systems and/or under certain experimental conditions, that is, laser illumination, the specimen shape can deviate from an ideal hemisphere. Insufficient consideration of this aspect can introduce artifacts in the reconstructed dataset, ultimately degrading its spatial accuracy.

Taming the Distribution of Light in Gate-All-Around Semiconductor Devices.

Optical metrology is ubiquitous, but image-based methods cannot resolve features of dimensions much smaller than the wavelength. However, it has recently been demonstrated that light can be nanofocused into subwavelength semiconducting lines by setting the incident polarization along the direction of these lines. This Letter extends the previous studies to systems with two perpendicular gratings, as found e.

Photonic metamaterial with a subwavelength electrode pattern.

The next generation of tunable photonics requires highly conductive and light inert interconnects that enable fast switching of phase, amplitude, and polarization modulators without reducing their efficiency. As such, metallic electrodes should be avoided, as they introduce significant parasitic losses. Transparent conductive oxides, on the other hand, offer reduced absorption due to their high bandgap and good conductivity due to their relatively high carrier concentration.

Urologist Workforce and Services in Ethiopia.

Background: Urological conditions are a cause of diminishing quality of life, hence affecting productivity. Despite the need for urological treatment, it was excluded from receiving priority in both United Nation and Lancet commission. Most of the surgeries in sub-Saharan Africa are open surgeries.