Laterality, sex, and everyday spatial behaviours: an exploratory analysis.

Exploratory analyses of a 126-item self-report assessment of difficulty of spatial behaviours (revision of the Everyday Spatial Behavioral Questionnaire, ESBQ) were used to examine principal components and the underlying root structure of perceived spatial competencies. We also examined laterality measures (handedness, footedness, and earedness), sex, and age as predictors of spatial behaviour component scores. 12 principal components were identified that represented facets of spatial behaviour and perception.

Exploratory study of the relations between spatial ability and drawing from memory.

Test scores of 119 students, attending either a public four-year college or a technical school, were related to their proportionality and detail drawing scores on the Memory for Designs Test. In regression models, the ETS Maze Tracing, Eliot-Price Mental Rotations, and Bender-Gestalt tests were consistent predictors of proportionality scores, with the latter two tests uniquely related to these. The ETS Shapes Memory Test and the Form Board Test were the strongest predictors for detail accuracy scores.

Development of an Everyday Spatial Behavioral Questionnaire.

The authors developed a 12-category, 116-item critical incident questionnaire of spatial behavior. The authors administered the Everyday Spatial Behavioral Questionnaire (ESBQ) to volunteer undergraduates (114 women, and 31 men) and tests of spatial ability to establish both the reliability and construct validity of the instrument. The authors found that Cronbach's alpha across the subscale scores was .

Handedness and spatial ability: differential patterns of relationships.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to add to our understanding of hemispheric specialisation by examining the relationships between functional laterality (as measured by handedness, eyedness, earedness, and footedness) and spatial tests. A total of 55 males and 170 females were tested for laterality preferences and spatial test performance using a range of six spatial tests. There was a statistically significant relationship between each of the laterality measures employed, with handedness and footedness demonstrating the most robust association.

About spatial intelligence: I.

Spatial intelligence is characterized in terms of a continuum of research perspectives which range from a physiological or sensory awareness to a complex thought and cultural emphasis.