2024 Update of the RECOVER-Adult Long COVID Research Index.

Importance: Classification of persons with long COVID (LC) or post-COVID-19 condition must encompass the complexity and heterogeneity of the condition. Iterative refinement of the classification index for research is needed to incorporate newly available data as the field rapidly evolves.

Objective: To update the 2023 research index for adults with LC using additional participant data from the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER-Adult) study and an expanded symptom list based on input from patient communities.

Effect of MMR Vaccination to Mitigate Severe Sequelae Associated With COVID-19: Challenges and Lessons Learned.

Mortality in COVID-19 cases was strongly associated with progressive lung inflammation and eventual sepsis. There is mounting evidence that live attenuated vaccines commonly administered during childhood, also provide beneficial non-specific immune effects, including reduced mortality and hospitalization due to unrelated infections. It has been proposed that live attenuated vaccine-associated non-specific effects are a result of inducing trained innate immunity to function more effectively against broader infections.

Cross sectional analysis of the effect of alcohol on pulmonary function in a cohort of men and women living with HIV.

People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk for noncommunicable diseases such as lung disease in part due to opportunistic infections including pneumonia. HIV infection is associated with increased prevalence of impaired lung function and abnormal gas exchange. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is exceedingly common in PLWH and is associated with higher risk of pneumonia in PLWH.

ISGylation is increased in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from symptomatic COVID-19 patients.

Cytokine-driven hyper inflammation has been identified as a critical factor behind poor outcomes in patients severely infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. Notably, protein ISGylation, a protein conjugated form of Type 1 IFN-inducible ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (nterferon-timulated ene ), induces cytokine storm (CS) and augments colonic inflammation in colitis-associated colon cancers in mouse models. However, whether ISGylation is increased and causally responsible for CS and hyper inflammation in symptomatic COVID-19 patients is unknown.

Host innate and adaptive immunity shapes the gut microbiota biogeography.

The gut microbiota has a fundamental role in the development and the maturation of the host immune system. Both innate and adaptive immune cells have critical functions in microbial pathogen containment and clearance, but the regulation of the commensal microbiome ecosystem in the gastrointestinal tract by these major immune cell populations is incompletely defined. The role of specific innate and adaptive immune cell in the regulation of the microbiota in the intestinal tract biogeographically was investigated.