Public leadership for gender equality: A framework and capacity development approach for gender transformative policy change.

Unlabelled: Public leadership is essential in social change, and pivotal in transforming social and institutional norms related to gender inequality, going well beyond equal representation. It must embrace the potential for all public health leaders, of all genders, to become agents of change who challenge gender injustices and institutionalise gender transformative policies and programmes in public health. To support officials, initially in Ethiopia, and catalyse transformative change, we created a new framework and capacity development approach - Public Leadership for Gender Equality (PL4GE) - which can be customised to respond to each country's context.

Effect of cardiac-locomotor coupling on the metabolic efficiency of pedalling.

Coupling between cardiac and locomotor rhythms (CLC) has been reported while subjects exercise at cadences that are natural to them. The hypothesis that oxygen consumption (VO2) would be lower when subjects pedalled at the rate producing 1:1 coupling of heart and pedalling rates than when they pedalled at noncoupled rates was tested with 12 men on a cycle ergometer. At a moderate power output based on their VO2max, subjects pedalled at six different pedalling rates while VO2 and heart rate were measured.

Failure of accentuated vertical body movements to induce cardiac-locomotor coupling.

Cardiac-locomotor coupling (CLC) has been reported during a variety of rhythmic human activities. One reason postulated for such coupling is that axial movements of the viscera during some activities (the "visceral piston") may enhance expulsion of blood from the heart; if so, accentuated vertical movements of the body should provide a powerful stimulus to coupling. To test this hypothesis, we studied 20 subjects hopping and 20 others skipping rope for greater than or equal to 10 min while electrocardiographic and force-platform signals were recorded, from which we derived the subjects' exercise and heart rates.