A New Mechanism for Early-Time Plasmaspheric Refilling: The Role of Charge Exchange Reactions in the Transport of Energy and Mass Throughout the Ring Current-Plasmasphere System.

Cold H produced via charge exchange reactions between ring current ions and exospheric neutral hydrogen constitutes an additional source of cold plasma that further contributes to the plasmasphere and affects the plasma dynamics in the Earth's magnetosphere system; however, its production and associated effects on the plasmasphere dynamics have not been fully assessed and quantified. In this study, we perform numerical simulations mimicking an idealized three-phase geomagnetic storm to investigate the role of heavy ion composition in the ring current (O vs. N) and exospheric neutral hydrogen density in the production of cold H via charge exchange reactions.

Nine Outstanding Questions of Solar Wind Physics.

In situ measurements of the solar wind have been available for almost 60 years, and in that time plasma physics simulation capabilities have commenced and ground-based solar observations have expanded into space-based solar observations. These observations and simulations have yielded an increasingly improved knowledge of fundamental physics and have delivered a remarkable understanding of the solar wind and its complexity. Yet there are longstanding major unsolved questions.

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Sugar Patches on Insecticide Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. Adults.

Background: Large distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) contributed to a significant decrease in malarial mortality. Unfortunately, large insecticide resistance in malaria vectors occurred and is a threat to the future use of these control approaches. The purpose of this study was to explore a new approach for vector control.

The Earth's Magnetosphere: A Systems Science Overview and Assessment.

A systems science examination of the Earth's fully interconnected dynamic magnetosphere is presented. Here the magnetospheric system (a.k.