A complex four-point method for the evaluation of ohmic and faradaic losses within a redox flow battery single-cell.

We propose a complex 4-point method for characterization of flow batteries. The distribution of ohmic and faradaic losses within a single-cell is evaluated from electrochemical impedance spectra and load curves of positive and negative half-cells measured with platinum wire pseudo-reference electrodes positioned in respective electrode compartment. The developed method can be used e.