C3 Glomerulopathy and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Two Important Manifestations of Complement System Dysfunction.

The advances in our understanding of the alternative pathway have emphasized that uncontrolled hyperactivity of this pathway causes 2 distinct disorders that adversely impact the kidney. In the so-called atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), renal dysfunction occurs along with thrombocytopenia, anemia, and target organ injury to multiple organs, most commonly the kidney. On the other hand, in the so-termed C3 glomerulopathy, kidney involvement is not associated with thrombocytopenia, anemia, or other system involvement.

Trapping and Structural Characterization of the XNO·NO (X = Cl, Br, I) Exit Channel Complexes in the Water-Mediated X + NO Reactions with Cryogenic Vibrational Spectroscopy.

The heterogeneous reaction of NO with sea spray aerosols yields the ClNO molecule, which is postulated to occur through water-mediated charge separation into NO and NO ions followed by association with Cl. Here we address an alternative mechanism where the attack by a halide ion can yield XNO by direct insertion in the presence of water. This was accomplished by reacting X(DO) (X = Cl, Br, I) cluster ions with NO to produce ions with stoichiometry [XNO].

Mechanisms of Atmospherically Relevant Cluster Growth.

Atmospheric aerosols impact global climate either directly by scattering solar radiation or indirectly by serving as cloud condensation nuclei, which influence cloud albedo and precipitation patterns. Our scientific understanding of these impacts is poor relative to that of, for instance, greenhouse gases, in part because it is difficult to predict particle number concentrations. One important pathway by which particles are added to the atmosphere is new particle formation, where gas phase precursors form molecular clusters that subsequently grow to the climatically relevant size range (50-100 nm diameter).

Coordination-Dependent Spectroscopic Signatures of Divalent Metal Ion Binding to Carboxylate Head Groups: H- and He-Tagged Vibrational Spectra of M·RCO¯ (M = Mg and Ca, R = -CD, -CDCD) Complexes.

We explore the intramolecular distortions present in divalent metal ion-carboxylate ion pairs using vibrational spectroscopy of the cryogenically cooled, mass-selected species isolated in the gas phase. The spectral signatures of the C-O stretching modes are identified using the perdeutero isotopologues of the acetate and propionate anions to avoid congestion arising from the CH fundamentals. Both Ca and Mg are observed to bind in a symmetrical, so-called "bidentate" arrangement to the -CO¯ group.

Characterization of the primary hydration shell of the hydroxide ion with H tagging vibrational spectroscopy of the OH ⋅ (HO) and OD ⋅ (DO) clusters.

We report the isotope-dependent vibrational predissociation spectra of the H-tagged OH ⋅ (HO) clusters, from which we determine the strongly coordination-dependent energies of the fundamentals due to the OH groups bound to the ion and the intramolecular bending modes of the water molecules. The HOH bending fundamental is completely missing in the delocalized OH ⋅ (HO) binary complex but is recovered upon adding the second water molecule, thereby establishing that the dihydrate behaves as a hydroxide ion solvated by two essentially intact water molecules. The energies of the observed OH stretches are in good agreement with the values predicted by Takahashi and co-workers [Phys.