Impacts of host phylogeny, diet, and geography on the gut microbiome of rodents.

Mammalian gut microbial communities are thought to play a variety of important roles in health and fitness, including digestion, metabolism, nutrition, immune response, behavior, and pathogen protection. Gut microbiota diversity among hosts is strongly shaped by diet as well as phylogenetic relationships among hosts. Although various host factors may influence microbial community structure, the relative contribution may vary depending on several variables, such as taxonomic scales of the species studied, dietary patterns, geographic location, and gut physiology.

Digital Mammography, Tomosynthesis, and Contrast-Enhanced Mammography: Intraindividual Comparison of Mean Glandular Dose for Screening Examinations.

Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is growing in clinical use due to its increased sensitivity and specificity compared to full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and/or digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), particularly in patients with dense breasts. To perform an intraindividual comparison of MGD between FFDM, DBT, a combination protocol using both FFDM and DBT (combined FFDM-DBT), and CEM, in patients undergoing breast cancer screening. This retrospective study included 389 women (median age, 57.

Family wealth and adolescent physical health.

Inequalities in the distribution of wealth among families with children may have deleterious health consequences, especially for adolescent children. Marked by significant psychosocial and physiological changes, adolescence is a period when socioeconomic differences in chronic disease risk factors are observed. Unfortunately, research on socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health has overlooked wealth, focusing instead on differences in health based on household income and parental educational attainment.

Beyond Increasing Sample Sizes: Optimizing Effect Sizes in Neuroimaging Research on Individual Differences.

Linking neurobiology to relatively stable individual differences in cognition, emotion, motivation, and behavior can require large sample sizes to yield replicable results. Given the nature of between-person research, sample sizes at least in the hundreds are likely to be necessary in most neuroimaging studies of individual differences, regardless of whether they are investigating the whole brain or more focal hypotheses. However, the appropriate sample size depends on the expected effect size.

Retinal Dystrophy Associated with Homozygous Variants in .

: Neural retina leucine zipper (NRL) is a transcription factor involved in the differentiation of rod photoreceptors. Pathogenic variants in the gene encoding NRL have been associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and autosomal recessive clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration. Only a dozen unrelated families affected by recessive -related retinal dystrophy have been described.