The role of episodic context in retrieval practice effects.

The episodic context account of retrieval-based learning proposes that retrieval enhances subsequent retention because people must think back to and reinstate a prior learning context. Three experiments directly tested this central assumption of the context account. Subjects studied word lists and then either restudied the words under intentional learning conditions or made list discrimination judgments by indicating which list each word had occurred in originally.

Ex vivo pneumostasis evaluation of a variable-height staple design.

Objective: This study examined the effect of using a variable-height staple construct containing three rows of staples with heights of 3.0, 3.5, and 4.

Comparison of endostapler performance in challenging tissue applications.

Background: Surgical staplers are frequently used in a variety of applications, demanding exacting instrument performance over a huge range of tissue compositions and disease states. The shape of a staple that is formed by a stapling device is one industry-accepted indicator of device performance; typically a B-shaped staple is considered the gold standard for staple formation. This B shape allows blood flow through the tissue, which is one important factor in the healing events that take place clinically after stapling.

Finite element modelling of stapled colorectal end-to-end anastomosis: advantages of variable height stapler design.

The impact of surgical staplers on tissues has been studied mostly in an empirical manner. In this paper, finite element method was used to clarify the mechanics of tissue stapling and associated phenomena. Various stapling modalities and several designs of circular staplers were investigated to evaluate the impact of the device on tissues and mechanical performance of the end-to-end colorectal anastomosis.

Interspinous process segmental spinal instrumentation for scoliosis in cerebral palsy.

Interspinous process segmental instrumentation (ISSI) was used in 34 patients with scoliosis due to severe cerebral palsy. Average age was 17 years, and average curve was 82 degrees. Anterior fusion was performed in 21 patients before ISSI.