A broad survey of choanoflagellates revises the evolutionary history of the Shaker family of voltage-gated K channels in animals.

The Shaker family of voltage-gated K channels has been thought of as an animal-specific ion channel family that diversified in concert with nervous systems. It comprises four functionally independent gene subfamilies (Kv1-4) that encode diverse neuronal K currents. Comparison of animal genomes predicts that only the Kv1 subfamily was present in the animal common ancestor.

A governance of ion selectivity based on the occupancy of the "beacon" in one- and four-domain calcium and sodium channels.

One of nature's exceptions was discovered when a Cav3 T-type channel was observed to switch phenotype from a calcium channel into a sodium channel by neutralizing an aspartate residue in the high field strength (HFS) +1 position within the ion selectivity filter. The HFS+1 site is dubbed a "" for its location at the entryway just above the constricted, minimum radius of the HFS site's electronegative ring. A classification is proposed based on the occupancy of the HFS+1 which correlates with the calcium- or sodium-selectivity phenotype.

Self-Ownership and the Duty to Assist.

Libertarians are attracted to the self-ownership thesis because it seems to satisfy four important theoretical . First, the thesis treats all persons equally by assigning them the same initial set of rights. Second, the thesis gives people the strongest set of ownership rights possible.

A lysine residue from an extracellular turret switches the ion preference in a Cav3 T-Type channel from calcium to sodium ions.

Cav3 T-type calcium channels from great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis have a selectivity-filter ring of five acidic residues, EE(D)DD. Splice variants with exons 12b or 12a spanning the extracellular loop between the outer helix IIS5 and membrane-descending pore helix IIP1 (IIS5-P1) in Domain II of the pore module possess calcium selectivity or dominant sodium permeability, respectively. Here, we use AlphaFold2 neural network software to predict that a lysine residue in exon 12a is salt-bridged to the aspartate residue immediately C terminal to the second-domain glutamate in the selectivity filter.