Microscopic Heterogeneity Driven by Molecular Aggregation and Water Dynamics in Aqueous Osmolyte Solutions.

Water dynamics are investigated in binary osmolyte-water mixtures, exhibiting a microscopic heterogeneity driven by molecular aggregation, on the basis of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The protecting osmolyte TMAO molecules in solution are evenly dispersed without the formation of noticeable osmolyte aggregates, while the denaturant TMU molecules aggregate readily, generating microscopic heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of component molecules in TMU-water mixtures. A combined study of MD simulation with graph theoretical analysis and spatial inhomogeneity measurement with -values in the two osmolyte solutions revealed that the translational and rotational motions of water in the microheterogeneous environment of TMU-water mixtures are less hindered than those in the homogeneous media of TMAO-water mixtures.

Nelonemdaz and Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke and Mechanical Reperfusion: The RODIN Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Nelonemdaz selectively antagonizes the 2B subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor and scavenges free radical species.

Objective: To evaluate whether nelonemdaz enhances the clinical outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing emergent reperfusion therapy.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled randomized phase 3 trial (December 25, 2021, to June 30, 2023, in South Korea) recruited patients with acute ischemic stroke who met the following criteria: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score greater than or equal to 8, Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography score greater than or equal to 4, and endovascular thrombectomy within 12 hours after stroke onset.

Size-Dependent Separation of Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes with Exodisc Enabling Proteomic Analysis in Prostate Cancer.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as crucial biomarkers in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics with their heterogeneity presenting both challenges and opportunities in prostate cancer research. However, existing methods for isolating and characterizing EV subtypes have been limited by inefficient separation and inadequate proteomic analysis. Here we show an optimized centrifugal microfluidic device, Exodisc, that efficiently isolates large quantities of EV subtypes from particle-enriched medium, enabling comprehensive proteomic analysis of small (EV-S, 20-200 nm) and large (EV-L, >200 nm) EVs.

Duodenogastric Reflux in Health and Disease: Insights from a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of the Stomach.

The stomach is responsible for physically and chemically processing the ingested meal before controlled emptying into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter. An incompetent pylorus allows reflux from the duodenum back into the stomach, and if the amount of reflux is large enough, it could alter the low pH environment of the stomach and erode the mucosal lining of the lumen. In some cases, the regurgitated contents can also reach the esophagus leading to additional complications.

Effect of Hydration States on the Anti-Icing/Frosting Performance of Zwitterionic Hydrogel-Coated Surfaces.

Zwitterionic polymers have gained considerable research attention because of their unique properties and have been widely used in many biomedical and electrochemical applications. Recently, zwitterionic polymers have been investigated for use as anti-icing/frosting surfaces; however, key factors influencing their anti-icing/frosting performance and effectiveness under real operational conditions remain underexplored. Therefore, in this study, we quantitatively analyze the hydration states of zwitterionic hydrogels synthesized from polymerizable zwitterions, such as carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA), 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA).