Advanced Injection of Botulinum Toxin in the Nasal Muscles: A Novel Dynamic Change in Facial Expression.

Background: Among the nasal muscles, the levator labii superior alaeque nasi (LLSAN) acts as a transitional muscle that conjugates with other nasal and perinasal muscles. Thus, when treating the nasal region with Botulinum toxin (BTX), it is important to understand local nasal muscular dynamics and how they can influence the muscular dynamics of the entire face.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of cases treated by an injection pattern encompassing the face, including nasal muscles.

[Ectrodactyly of the foot].

Background: Ectrodactyly is a congenital malformation characterized by the presence of clefts in the feet accompanied by aplasia and hypoplasia of the phalanges and metatarsals. It is a rare genetic disorder with an incidence of 1:90,000-100,000 live births and it is not linked to sex. Its genetic pattern is autosomal dominant with a variable genetic penetrance.

Treatment of the sequelae of septic osteoarthritis of the hip during pediatric age.

A total of 69 cases (73 hips) of the sequelae of septic osteoarthritis of the hip are studied. The sequelae are classified based on whether or not the femoral epiphysis is present, and on stability of the joint according to Hunka (1982). Three of the hips were treated non-surgically.

The treatment of congenital hip dislocation between the ages of 1 and 3.

A total of 81 patients (103 hips) with a diagnosis of congenital hip dislocation were reviewed, who had been treated between one and three years of age. All of the patients were initially treated with adhesive band traction prior to non-surgical reduction, which was performed under general anesthesia using gentle reduction maneuvers followed by immobilization in plaster. Non-surgical reduction was performed in 69 hips (67%), surgical in the remaining 34 (33%).