Empowering Self-Management for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Human-Centered Design Study of Spanish- and Cantonese-Preferring Patients in the United States.

Introduction: Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is a leading cause of disability with disproportionately high impacts on marginalized populations, including non-English-preferring patients. These patients face significant barriers to accessing care and adhering to self-management strategies due to language barriers, socioeconomic challenges, and cultural differences. Despite the emphasis on self-management for cLBP, limited research has focused on understanding the specific needs and preferences of Spanish- and Cantonese-preferring patients.

Detectability of a poison frog and its Batesian mimic depends on body posture and viewing angle.

Aposematic signals warn predators that prey should be avoided due to dangerous secondary defences. However, as warning signals do not always produce avoidance, warning colors may evolve as a trade-off balancing detectability against signal saliency. For Batesian mimics, which display salient signals but lack secondary defenses, the costs of predator encounters are greater, potentially increasing the benefit of crypsis.

Imperfections in transparency and mimicry do not increase predation risk for clearwing butterflies with educated predators.

Transparency is an intuitive form of concealment and, in certain butterflies, transparent patches on the wings can contribute to several distinct forms of camouflage. However, perhaps paradoxically, the largely transparent wings of many clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini, Nymphalidae) also feature opaque, and often colorful, elements which may reduce crypsis. In many instances, these elements may facilitate aposematic signaling, but little is known of how transparency and aposematism may interact.