Femoral intramedullary nail extraction using the kissing nail technique when primary measures fail.

Introduction: Intramedullary femoral nails (IMFNs) need to be removed for subsequent joint replacement, refracture, nonunion, or infection. The tools used to extract newer IMFNs may not be suited for removal of older implants, especially if broken. The purpose of this study was to describe a novel technique in femoral nail extraction when primary measures fail and a report on 6 cases where it was used.

Maladaptive but malleable: Gender-science stereotypes emerge early but are modifiable by language.

Gender-science stereotypes emerge early in childhood, but little is known about the developmental processes by which they arise. The present study tested the hypothesis that language implying scientists are a special and distinct kind of person contributes to the development of gender-science stereotypes, even when it does not communicate stereotypic content. One cross-sectional and two longitudinal studies with racially and geographically diverse children (primarily from the United States; ages 4-5; N = 872, tested 2020-2022) revealed that gender stereotypes about science versus art (a) emerge before elementary school, (b) arise from commonplace identity-emphasizing language, especially among girls, and (c) can be durably disrupted by subtle changes to language.

Conjugation Chemistry Markedly Impacts Toxicity and Biodistribution of Targeted Nanoparticles, Mediated by Complement Activation.

Conjugation chemistries are a major enabling technology for the development of drug delivery systems, from antibody-drug conjugates to antibody-targeted lipid nanoparticles inspired by the success of the COVID-19 vaccine. However, here it is shown that for antibody-targeted nanoparticles, the most popular conjugation chemistries directly participate in the activation of the complement cascade of plasma proteins. Their activation of complement leads to large changes in the biodistribution of nanoparticles (up to 140-fold increased uptake into phagocytes of the lungs) and multiple toxicities, including a 50% drop in platelet count.

Multi-stage-mixing to create a core-then-shell structure improves DNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles' transfection by orders of magnitude.

The unprecedented success of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has highlighted their power for protein expression, but the hours-long half-life of mRNA severely limits their use in chronic diseases. In contrast, DNA LNPs display months-long expression and genetically encode cell type specificity, but their use has been hindered by poor protein expression (orders of magnitude lower than mRNA LNPs). To overcome this, we introduce multi-stage mixing (MSM) microfluidics to control the internal structure of LNPs and use it to create core-then-shell (CTS) structured DNA LNPs.

Long-Term Cognitive, Functional, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.

Background And Objectives: Anti-NMDA receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis generally manifests in young adults. Although 80%-90% returns to independence, the majority experience persistent cognitive and psychosocial difficulties. Studies have demonstrated that cognitive recovery may continue for years; the temporal trajectory is largely unknown, as are factors influencing cognitive/psychosocial recovery.