Shortened isoforms of the androgen receptor are regulated by the cytoprotective heat-shock protein HSPB1 and the tumor-suppressive microRNA miR-1 in prostate cancer cells.

Background: Shortened, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) isoforms have been characterized and linked to tumor progression and chemoresistance in prostate cancer (PCa). We examined the regulation of shortened AR isoforms by a newly-identified AR regulatory signaling pathway involving heat-shock protein HSPB1 and microRNA miR-1.

Materials And Methods: HSPB1 and miR-1 were modulated by overexpression and knock-down approaches utilizing the model PCa system, 22Rv1.

[Transforming growth factor β in prostate cancer: cellular effects and basic molecular mechanisms].

The multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a dual role in prostate cancer (PCa), cell growth and tumorigenesis, reflected by its opposing properties of anti-oncogenic (e.g. growth inhibition and apoptosis) and pro-oncogenic effects (e.

Active and inactive genes localize preferentially in the periphery of chromosome territories.

The intranuclear position of a set of genes was analyzed with respect to the territories occupied by the whole chromosomes in which these genes are localized. Genes and their respective chromosome territories were simultaneously visualized in three-dimensionally preserved nuclei applying dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Three coding (DMD, MYH7, and HBB) and two noncoding sequences (D1Z2 and an anonymous sequence) were analyzed in four different cell types, including cells where DMD and MYH7 are actively transcribed.

A tilting device for three-dimensional microscopy: application to in situ imaging of interphase cell nuclei.

The resolution of an optical microscope is considerably less in the direction of the optical axis (z) than in the focal plane (x-y plane). This is true of conventional as well as confocal microscopes. For quantitative microscopy, for instance studies of the three-dimensional (3-D) organization of chromosomes in human interphase cell nuclei, the 3-D image must be reconstructed by a point spread function or an optical transfer function with careful consideration of the properties of the imaging system.