Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy: Current Management Strategies.

Importance: Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) has a high rate of morbidity with nonspecific signs and symptoms making identification difficult. The criterion-standard treatment of CSEP has been subject to debate.

Objective: This review defines CSEP, discusses pathogenesis and diagnosis, and compares treatment options and outcomes.

Uterine Rupture with Cesarean Scar Heterotopic Pregnancy with Survival of the Intrauterine Twin.

. Heterotopic pregnancy is a multiple gestation with both intrauterine and ectopic fetuses. A cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy is when the fetus has implanted over the previous hysterotomy site.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and its cleavage products differentially modulate cellular protection through NF-kappaB-dependent signaling.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and its cleavage products regulate cell viability and NF-kappaB activity when expressed in neurons. PARP-1 cleavage generates a 24 kDa (PARP-1(24)) and an 89 kDa fragment (PARP-1(89)). Compared to WT (PARP-1WT), the expression of an uncleavable PARP-1 (PARP-1(UNCL)) or of PARP-1(24) conferred protection from oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) or OGD/restoration of oxygen and glucose (ROG) damage in vitro, whereas expression of PARP-1(89) was cytotoxic.

Disruption of downstream MyD88 or TRIF Toll-like receptor signaling does not protect against cerebral ischemia.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays an important role in cerebral ischemia, but downstream signaling events, which can be organ-specific, are incompletely understood. We thereby investigated involvement of the MyD88-dependent (MyD88) and MyD88-independent (TRIF) TLR signaling pathways in 2 in vitro and 2 in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. For in vitro studies, we used a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by flow cytometric analysis to determine:1) viability of PC12 cells following knock-down with MyD88 siRNA compared to negative control siRNA and 2) viability, apoptosis and necrosis of cortical neurons from MyD88 null (-/-) , TRIF mutant, and wild type (WT) mice.

SUMOylation participates in induction of ischemic tolerance.

Ground squirrels in hibernation torpor have been shown to have striking increases in global SUMOylation on tissue immunoblots. Here, we find evidence that global SUMOylation is also involved in ischemic tolerance in primary cortical neuronal cultures (from rats and mice) and SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Cultured cortical neurons preconditioned by sublethal oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) were less vulnerable to severe OGD than non-preconditioned neurons.