Orally administered ethanol: transepidermal pathways and effects on the human skin barrier.

Ethanol intake is associated with a variety of skin diseases. The aim of the present study was (1) to identify the pathways of release of orally administered ethanol through the skin, and (2) to investigate the effects of a single oral dose of ethanol on the penetration of topically applied substances into the skin. Ethanol evaporation via the skin was measured using the new technique of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS).

ESR of E' centres in unstrained geological quartz grains.

E1' centres are detectable by ESR spectroscopy in unstrained quartz extracted from weathered rock of Cretaceous age. These centres completely disappear when the samples are irradiated with an artificial gamma-dose of about 200 Gy. The concentration of E1' centres thermally (re)generated at 310 degrees C can be reduced drastically under the influence of gamma-quanta, too.

Generation and conversion of electronic defects in calcium carbonates by UV/Vis light.

Radical species like CO2-, CO3-, SO2-, and SO3- can be created by exposing natural and synthetic calcium carbonates to sunlight or to the light of a Hg(Xe) lamp. This poses as a risk for ESR dating of these materials, because the radicals formed by light exposure cannot be distinguished from those generated by radioactivity. Furthermore, paramagnetic centers like SO2- electrons trapped near Zn2+ or Cd2+ ions, surface defects, and radicals with g' = 2.