Ubiquity and functional uniformity in CO2 concentrating mechanisms in multiple phyla of Bacteria is suggested by a diversity and prevalence of genes encoding candidate dissolved inorganic carbon transporters.

Autotrophic microorganisms catalyze the entry of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; = CO2 + HCO3- + CO32-) into the biological component of the global carbon cycle, despite dramatic differences in DIC abundance and composition in their sometimes extreme environments. "Cyanobacteria" are known to have CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to facilitate growth under low CO2 conditions. These CCMs consist of carboxysomes, containing enzymes ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase and carbonic anhydrase, partnered to DIC transporters.

An Independent Locus Upstream of Controls Variation in the Shade of the Bay Coat Colour in Horses.

Novel coat colour phenotypes often emerge during domestication, and there is strong evidence of genetic selection for the two main genes that control base coat colour in horses- and . These genes direct the type of pigment produced, red pheomelanin () or black eumelanin (), as well as the relative concentration and the temporal-spatial distribution of melanin pigment deposits in the skin and hair coat. Here, we describe a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genic regions involved in the determination of the shade of bay.

Theoretical Study of Adenine to Guanine Transition Assisted by Water and Formic Acid Using Steered Molecular Dynamic Simulations.

The free energy profile of the adenine to guanine transition in the gas and aqueous phases was obtained by applying steered molecular dynamic (SMD) simulations. Three processes were considered to explain the mechanism assisted by water and formic acid molecules. The first process is hydrolytic deamination of adenine, then oxidation of the hypoxanthine previously formed, and finally, the animation from xanthine to guanine.

Theoretical study of mechanisms for the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine steered molecular dynamic simulations.

Gibbs free energy profiles of the cytosine deamination assisted by a water molecule in a discrete aqueous medium were obtained by the application of Steered Molecular Dynamic (SMD) simulations. Two pathways were considered to explain the mechanism of this process, where the water molecule attacks the C-N bond to give an intermediate (an amino-hydroxy-oxo structure in the A-path, and a hydroxy-oxo in the B-path) as the determinant step of reaction. Stationary structures along both energy profiles were analyzed at molecular dynamics level, obtaining states with higher free energies than those from electronic calculations in the gas phase and in solution described as a continuous medium.

An Integrated Approach to Increasing Women's Empowerment and Reducing Domestic Violence: Results of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in a West African Country.

Objective: This is the first experimental study testing the effects of an economic intervention alone and in combination with a family-focused component, on women's empowerment status and family violence in Burkina Faso.

Method: The three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial with baseline and one-year follow-up included 360 ultra-poor married women from 12 villages. Villages were randomized to the three study arms: (Trickle Up/TU), a (Trickle Up Plus), and waitlist (Control arm).