Continuous low-level dietary exposure to glyphosate elicits dose and sex-dependent synaptic and microglial adaptations in the rodent brain.

Prolonged exposure to low levels of dietary contaminants is a context in modern life that could alter organ physiology gradually. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of continuous exposure to acceptable daily intake (ADI) and non-observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of glyphosate from gestation to adulthood using C57BL/6J mice and incorporating these levels into their food pellets. From adulthood, we analyzed neurophysiological and neuro-glia cellular adaptations in male and female animals.

Subfunctionalisation of paralogous genes and evolution of differential codon usage preferences: The showcase of polypyrimidine tract binding proteins.

Gene paralogs are copies of an ancestral gene that appear after gene or full genome duplication. When two sister gene copies are maintained in the genome, redundancy may release certain evolutionary pressures, allowing one of them to access novel functions. Here, we focused our study on gene paralogs on the evolutionary history of the three polypyrimidine tract binding protein genes (PTBP) and their concurrent evolution of differential codon usage preferences (CUPrefs) in vertebrate species.

Concurrent schedules of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior in the treatment of problem behavior without extinction.

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) without extinction is an effective intervention for reducing problem behavior maintained by socially mediated reinforcement, particularly when implementing dense schedules of reinforcement for appropriate behavior. Thinning schedules of reinforcement for an alternative response may result in resurgence of problem behavior. Resurgence may be of particular concern in the treatment of problem behavior without extinction because problem behavior that resurges is also likely to encounter reinforcement and thus can be expected to maintain.