Metabolic risk factors in children with kidney stone disease: an update.

Background: The prevalence of kidney stones in children has significantly increased in the past few decades, with concomitant increased morbidity and healthcare costs worldwide. Assessing metabolic risk factors is essential for diagnosis and specific treatment. The objective of this retrospective study is to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children under 17 years of age, as well as the metabolic risk factors of nephrolithiasis.

Significant bone loss after stopping long-term denosumab treatment: a post FREEDOM study.

Unlabelled: We evaluate 38 elderly women who had received long-term denosumab treatment after stopping the drug. Taking into account the gain during treatment and the loss after stopping treatment, they lost 35.5% of the total gain in the spine, 44.

Denosumab: an update.

Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the formation, function and survival of osteoclasts, preventing the interaction of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, RANKL) with the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A (osteoclast differentiation factor receptor, ODFR, receptor activator of NF-KB, RANK). This results in a reduction in bone resorption and an increase in bone mineral density. In clinical studies, denosumab has been shown to decrease the risk for vertebral, hip and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and the risk for new vertebral fractures in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy, with a rate of side effects similar to placebo.

Denosumab: What's new?

Denosumab is the first fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts by blocking the interaction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) ligand with its osteoclastic receptor RANK. Clinical studies have shown that the decreased bone resorption and increased bone mineral density resulting from the use of denosumab 60 mg twice yearly entail significant risk reduction of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, with an acceptable rate of side effects so far. Following its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency, a number of clinical trials with denosumab are ongoing to demonstrate its value for other indications and to further characterize its effects on immunomodulation.