The effects of diazepam on sleep depend on the photoperiod.

Daylength (i.e., photoperiod) provides essential information for seasonal adaptations of organisms.

The Reproducibility and Reliability of Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion Indices in Children and Adolescents.

Context: Insulin sensitivity and secretion indices can be useful tools in understanding insulin homeostasis in children at risk for diabetes. There have been few studies examining the reproducibility of these measures in pediatrics.

Objective: To determine whether fasting or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived insulin measures would be more reproducible and whether there would be differences based on weight, sex, race, and pubertal status.

Incorporating Physical Activity in a New Two-Oscillator Model of Circadian Activity in Nocturnal and Diurnal Mammals.

In both diurnal and nocturnal species, the neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generate a daily pattern in which the impulse frequency peaks at midday and is lowest during the night. This pattern, common to both day-active and night-active species, has led to the long-standing notion that their functional difference relies merely on a sign reversal in SCN output. However, recent evidence shows that the response of the SCN to the animal's physical activity is opposite in nocturnal and diurnal animals.

Description of Anaerococcus kampingiae sp. nov., Anaerococcus groningensis sp. nov., Anaerococcus martiniensis sp. nov., and Anaerococcus cruorum sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens.

Objectives: To improve the identification of anaerobic bacteria, the identity of clinical isolates which could not be identified using MALDI-TOF MS was assessed using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and in-house made main spectral profiles (MSPs) were created. Four novel Anaerococcus species, each represented by at least two isolates, were encountered.

Methods: The novelty of the isolates was confirmed by comparing the 16S rRNA gene sequences and the WGS with their closest relatives.

Deforming Ice with Drops.

A uniform solidification front undergoes nontrivial deformations when encountering an insoluble dispersed particle in a melt. For solid particles, the overall deformation characteristics are primarily dictated by heat transfer between the particle and the surrounding, remaining unaffected by the rate of approach of the solidification front. In this Letter we show that, conversely, when interacting with a droplet or a bubble, the deformation behavior exhibits entirely different and unexpected behavior.