A highly efficient transgene knock-in technology in clinically relevant cell types.

Inefficient knock-in of transgene cargos limits the potential of cell-based medicines. In this study, we used a CRISPR nuclease that targets a site within an exon of an essential gene and designed a cargo template so that correct knock-in would retain essential gene function while also integrating the transgene(s) of interest. Cells with non-productive insertions and deletions would undergo negative selection.

Use of oral rehydration solution and intravenous fluid in home settings for adults with short bowel syndrome.

Although both oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) and intravenous fluids (IVFs) were initially developed to treat severe dehydration from diarrhea due to cholera, they are the mainstays of treatment for patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). Advances in medical care have provided an expansion of new concepts on existing ideas, including adaptations of ORSs, pharmaceutical introductions of new oral and enteral products, and supply chain limitations of intravenous products necessitating the development of novel clinical practices. The evaluation and understanding of a patient's hydration status, socioeconomic status, compliance to therapies, and, finally, the ability to obtain actual products all play an integral role in determining the best plan of care to manage fluid balance in the presence of SBS.

Non-invasive on-skin sensors for brain machine interfaces with epitaxial graphene.

. Brain-machine interfaces are key components for the development of hands-free, brain-controlled devices. Electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes are particularly attractive for harvesting the neural signals in a non-invasive fashion.

Clinical electromyography. Principles and practice.

In this article the principles and practice of clinical EMG are described. The basic components of EMG instrumentation include specialized intramuscular recording electrodes, a preamplifier, amplifier, and displays. Displays are usually both visual and auditory, using the CRO and a loudspeaker, respectively.

Cerebrovascular accidents.

CVA comprises a large number of clinical entities, depending on the site of infarction in the brain. Accurate evaluation of deficits in the patient's sensory and/or motor systems and the patient's intellectual status are paramount in establishing realistic rehabilitation goals. With respect to the motor system, two types of voluntary movement may occur.

Sensory and motor deficits of central nervous system origin.

The sensory and motor deficits of the CNS are varied, depending on the etiologic factors and the structures involved. Nevertheless, the clinical picture is predictable, provided one has an adequate knowledge of the neuroanatomy and the functions of the different fiber tracts, nuclei, and other specific regions of the brain and spinal cord. The purpose of this section is to provide an overall view of the sensory and motor deficits of the CNS, which will enable the clinician to treat these patients in a more objective and effective manner.

Magnetic resonance imaging for vertebral-basilar system infarction.

The rehabilitative course for patients who have suffered vertebral-basilar vascular lesions is often interrupted by intermittent episodes of increasing dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and ataxia. Since CT studies of the brain do not always visualize these lesions reliably, the rehabilitation specialist has been without a diagnostic tool to distinguish between progressive and stable vertebral-basilar system infarctions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a safe, noninvasive, sensitive means of monitoring vascular lesions in the posterior fossa.

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials: intraoperative monitoring technique in surgery of posterior fossa tumors.

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were used to monitor eight neurosurgical procedures involving posterior fossa tumors to assist the neurosurgeon in preservation of hearing postoperatively. The technique included placement of recording electrodes over the Cz (vertex) and both earlobes. Stimulation was accomplished intraoperatively with a specifically designed intraauricular click stimulator that did not interfere with surgical access to the suboccipital region.

Deep venous thrombosis in high-risk hemiplegic patients: detection by impedance plethysmography.

Clinically significant thromboembolic disease originating from the paralyzed leg of hemiplegic patients can occur unexpectedly and may affect morbidity and mortality in the rehabilitation setting. Impedance plethysmography (IPG), a simple, noninvasive technique, can accurately reveal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the large veins of the thigh. IPG studies were performed on the lower extremities of 20 hemiplegic patients considered at high risk for DVT.

Rehabilitation in progressive supranuclear palsy: case report.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity characterized by supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, pseudobulbar palsy, axial dystonia in extension, and subcortical dementia. Although relatively rare, PSP is disabling, thus rehabilitation techniques and management are indicated in nearly every case. This report describes the neurologic presentation, rehabilitation management, and outcome of treatment of a patient with PSP during a 12-month period.

Diabetic neuropathy: electrophysiologic abnormalities of distal lower extremity sensory nerves.

Electrophysiologic parameters of the medial dorsal cutaneous (MDC) and the sural nerves were analyzed in 119 diabetic patients with clinical signs and symptoms of neuropathy. Fifty-five patients were insulin dependent (ID), mean age 47.4, and 64 were non-insulin dependent (NID), mean age 55.

Speech rehabilitation outcome after Blom-Singer tracheoesophageal puncture.

This study evaluated speech rehabilitation outcome and length of training needed for laryngectomized patients who underwent the Blom-Singer tracheoesophageal (TE) puncture procedure. Preoperative patient selection criteria included: 1) acceptable stoma size, 2) adequate motivation and manual dexterity, 3) absence of constrictor spasm. Training focused on coordination of breath control, articulation, muscle relaxation, and proper handling and maintenance of the "duckbill" prosthesis.

Terminal sensory branches of the superficial peroneal nerve: an entrapment syndrome.

This report describes an entrapment syndrome of the superficial peroneal nerve terminal sensory branches. Two patients presented with numbness and tingling of the foot dorsum. These symptoms increased with activity such as walking, running, and squatting.

Rehabilitation in lithium toxicity: case report.

Lithium toxicity can produce persistent and possibly permanent neurologic damage involving multiple areas of the nervous system, often including the cerebellum. Such cases, though rare, may continue to occur since lithium salts are widely used. In this report we describe the neurologic presentation, rehabilitation management, and outcome of treatment in such a patient.

Medial and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerves: standardization of technique, reliability and age effect on healthy subjects.

Techniques for performing antidromic conduction velocity studies on forearm sensory nerves were evaluated in 157 healthy subjects from 17 to 80 years of age. The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABCN) and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MABCN) were studied in the same upper extremity at a distance of 14 cm. The mean values for LABCN were amplitude 18.

Treatment of myoclonic dystonia with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

The use of a transcutaneous nerve stimulator yielded positive results in a condition marked by involuntary movements (tremors and myoclonias) and dystonia. In the absence of clues to the pathophysiology of the myoclonus and dystonia, it is argued that transcutaneous stimulation induces an action on the neurotransmitters that inhibits neuromuscular function.

Distal sensory nerves of the lower extremity in peripheral neuropathy: comparison of medial dorsal cutaneous and sural nerve abnormalities.

This study investigates the sensitivity and usefulness of medial dorsal cutaneous nerve (MDCN) conduction studies in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Two hundred twenty-three patients with clinical signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in their lower extremities were evaluated. Nerve conduction velocity studies of the MDCN were compared to those of the sural and peroneal motor nerves.

Sensory conduction studies of the branches of the superficial peroneal nerve.

A method for obtaining antidromic conduction velocities in the sensory branches of the superficial peroneal nerve at the level of the ankle was evaluated. An essential prerequisite for the study of this nerve is knowledge of its exact topography. The method included the placing of surface recording electrodes directly over the branches of the nerve and stimulating the superficial peroneal nerve at the anterolateral aspect of the leg.