Influence of pulse energy, tip design and insertion depth during Er:YAG-activated irrigation on cleaning efficacy in simulated severely curved complex root canal systems in vitro.

Aim: To investigate the influence of pulse energy, tip geometry and tip position in simulated 3D-printed root canals with multiple side canals at different levels in all directions on the cleaning performance of laser-activated irrigation (LAI) compared to sonic activation (EDDY) and conventional needle irrigation (NI).

Methodology: 3D-printed root canal models (25/.06, length 20 mm, curvature 60°, radius 5 mm) with side canals (diameter 0.