A double knockout mutant of acyl-glucose-dependent anthocyanin glucosyltransferase genes in Delphinium grandiflorum.

Blue coloration in delphinium flowers arises from 7-polyacylated anthocyanins which are modified alternately with acyl and glucosyl residues at the 7 position of the aglycone. Previously, we identified two independent genes for acyl-glucose-dependent anthocyanin 7-(6-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-glucoside) glucosyltransferases (AA7BG-GT); recombinant proteins from the two cDNAs were produced in Escherichia coli and showed AA7BG-GT activity in vitro. Here, a double knockout mutant of both genes was found to lack modification of the second glucosyl residue following further acyl and glucosyl modifications.

Involvement of a forkhead transcription factor, FOXO1A, in UV-induced changes of collagen metabolism.

Transcription factors belonging to the forkhead box gene, group O (FOXOs) family have been found to be crucial in downstream suppression of life-shortening effects of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway, which accelerates aging by suppressing FOXOs. Thus, FOXOs could hold the key for counteracting aging. Although FOXOs may play a critical role in aging, the effects of FOXOs on UV-induced changes of collagen metabolism by dermal fibroblasts are unknown.

Effects of Propionibacterium acnes on various mRNA expression levels in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro.

Propionibacterium acnes is one of the most significant pathogenic factors of acne vulgaris. This bacteria relates to acne by various pathways. It has also been reported that P.