Bread consumption trends in Poland: A socio-economic perspective and factors affecting current intake.

Fermentation processes have been known since ancient times and are widely used in the production of food, beverages, and other areas. One of the most well-known fermented products is bread. It plays an important role in human nutrition because of the valuable compounds it contains.

Future healthcare professionals on working conditions in Poland: perspective of medical university students.

Background: Students of medical universities, future employees, will have an impact on the shaping healthcare system. It is important to know and understand their opinions on the factors affecting working conditions and, consequently, changes necessary to improve effectiveness of health care. Students' expectations can contribute to the changing working conditions for graduates and bring added value to health system redefinition.

Indirect and Direct 65+ Patient Reporting of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Adverse Drug Reactions as a Source of Information on Polypharmacy and Polypharmacy-Related Risk.

: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, are commonly used in the treatment of various, particularly frequent, as well as chronic, conditions in older patients. Due to common polypragmasia in these patients and a high risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug interactions, pain management poses a therapeutic challenge. This study describes the importance of ADR reports in the identification of polypharmacy and the ensuing interactions.

[Directions of organizational and economic changes in occupational health services as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic - challenges to the health crises].

The COVID-19 pandemic caused not only short-term organizational and economic changes in the functioning of occupational health services, but also enforced to include them in the formulation of a strategic systemic approach to this link of the health care system. The aim of the article is to identify and describe the organizational and economic changes in occupational health services during the pandemic. On this basis, the directions of further research on the improvement of the activities of health care entities of working people in response to future health crises have been formulated.

The Importance of Direct Patient Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in the Safety Monitoring Process.

All medicinal products authorized in the European Union are subjects of constant drug-safety monitoring processes. It is organized in a pharmacovigilance system that is designed to protect human health and life by the detection, analysis and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems. The main role of the aforementioned system is to collect and analyze adverse drug reaction reports.

[Organizational and financial changes in the work of primary health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland].

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the objectives of the health care system had to be adapted to the changing circumstances, in order to meet the health needs of patients, but also the expectations of medical workers related to ensuring safe working conditions in the crisis situation. The activities of medical staff are greatly affected by organizational and financial changes in health care systems, which affect both the health care systems all over the world and the functioning of all forms of health care. The article examines the organizational and financial changes resulting from the introduction of regulations affecting the conditions of primary health care (PHC) workers in Poland from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to May 8, 2021.

Informal Dementia Caregivers: Current Technology Use and Acceptance of Technology in Care.

(1) : Given the increased social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the challenges faced by informal dementia caregivers have increased. An increasing use of technology, both in care and dementia clinical trials, depends upon caregivers' abilities as a user. Accordingly, the aim of our study was to verify the current technology (smartphone and computer) use and acceptance in care, regarding socio-demographic variables; (2) : Questionnaires were distributed to 102 dementia caregivers, mostly of patients with moderate dementia; (3) : The majority of participants were women (63%), and large number of them used technological devices such as a smartphone (91%) or computer (81%).

Priority Setting in the Polish Health Care System According to Patients' Perspective.

Identification of health priorities is concerned with equitable distribution of resources and is an important part of strategic planning in the health care system. The aim of this article is to describe health priorities in the Polish health care system from the patients' perspective. The study included 533 patients hospitalized in the Lodz region.

[Occupational health services as the insurance product and insurance economic instruments].

Background: One of the most controversial issues in restructuring the Polish health insurance system is the implementation of private voluntary insurance and creation within it a new insurance product known as occupational health services (OHS). In this article some opportunities and dilemmas likely to be faced by providers and employers/employees, when contracting with insurance institutions, are considered as a contribution to the discussion on private insurance in Poland. The basic question is how private insurance institutions could influence the promotion of different preventive activities at the company level by motivating both OHS providers and employers.

[Occupational health service management--the concept and application of lean management].

One of the most effective management systems is the so-called lean management (LM) aimed at loss minimization of institutions' activities while maximizing value and satisfaction to the clients. The system implementation comprises not only typical business areas but also health care sectors. The aim of the article is to present the concept and opportunity of improving the management of occupational health units.

[Occupational health protection in business economics--business plan for health intervention].

Introduction: One of the company's actions for strengthening human capital is the protection of health and safety of its employees. Its implementation needs financial resources, therefore, employers expect tangible effectiveness in terms of health and economics. Business plan as an element of company planning can be a helpful tool for new health interventions management.

[Return on investment for occupational health: review of methods and recommendations].

The impact of the population health on the national economy, occupational risk factors and economic consequences of workers' behaviors in the workplace are the subject of health economics studies. Conditions and behaviors at work are recognized as one of the major economic factors. These relations are analyzed and evaluated with use of methods that combine economic consequences of working conditions, management and enterprise finances.

[Financial incentives in workers' health management].

In the countries of the European Union, several million workers meet with an accident every year. In the national economy, the costs of accidents at work and occupational diseases are born by different institutions in different proportions, and they are estimated at several percent of the gross domestic product of each of these countries. The issue concerning economic consequences of occupational diseases and accidents at work has been emphasized in the section on health and safety at work of the Community Strategy for 2007-2012.

[Motivating instruments behind occupational health activities and their efficiency in expert judgment].

Background: The aim of the study was to analyze and compare economic incentives practices in occupational safety and health (OSH) in the chosen EU countries and the USA, based on expert judgment.

Material And Method: The information for the analysis was collected by using a questionnaire filled by experts from international organizations. It was supplemented by direct consultations with experts and experts' reports.

[Models of workers' health and safety insurance in the selected European Union member states: certain economic problems].

Background: The project entitled "An analysis of insurance models in the selected European Union (EU) member States" has recently been accomplished in the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in the section concerning the health and safety of the working population. One of the aims of the project was to identify differences between EU and Polish models, which may provide the basis for a possible involvement of insurance providers (existing and/or created on purpose) in the implementation of tasks in the area of the workers' health protection in Poland.

Material And Methods: Documents and publications issued in Poland and elaborated by international organizations were used in the analysis.

[Cost-benefit analysis of the program on early detection of pulmonary diseases].

Background: Economic evaluation of costs and effectiveness of the program aimed at early detection of lung diseases was the subject of the study. The scope of the study is related to the European tendency of creating information resources for public resources management.

Material And Methods: The study covered more than 14 000 people divided into three age groups, living in 11 localities in the Lódź region.

[Calculation of workers' health care costs].

In different health care systems, there are different schemes of organization and principles of financing activities aimed at ensuring the working population health and safety. Regardless of the scheme and the range of health care provided, economists strive for rationalization of costs (including their reduction). This applies to both employers who include workers' health care costs into indirect costs of the market product manufacture and health care institutions, which provide health care services.

[Performance and costs of services provided by physicians in selected regional occupational health care centers].

Collecting accurate data on performance and costs of services is recognized as the most difficult managerial problem because of limited application of medical standards and procedures as well as the different methods for costs calculation. The report presents the implementation of standardized medical procedures for referral examination, diagnosing occupational disease; and consultation in Regional Occupational Health Care Centers (ROHCC). Data on procedures were related to those on costs in cost centers and to cost structure--the time required for each task.

[Costs of occupational diseases and accidents at work in Poland].

Background: The costs of occupational diseases and accidents at work in the state members of the European Union keep at a level of several percent of their gross national product (GNP). Employees, employers and the society as a whole have to incur this financial burden. Therefore, all social partners should be involved in the improvement of health and safety in the work environment through their concerted efforts.

[Costs of intensive care of premature infants].

Unlabelled: It is often pointed that hospitalizations of premature infants generate high costs. It is particularly bothering with reference to neonatal intensive care units (NICU).

Objective: Since there is lack of desirable data in Poland, a study was launched in the city of Lódź in order to estimate exact costs of intensive care of premature infants.

[How to measure efficiency of health investments in enterprises: selected issues].

Background: World trends and international organization recommendations point out the necessity of OHS economic appraisal methods improvement in order to ensure effective resources management in companies.

Materials And Methods: Published world literature on economic appraisal results, recommendations of international organizations, results of the own studies on economic appraisal in the field of health and safety at work in the companies in Poland were the background of the economic appraisal model for Polish companies. Several project assumptions have been adopted.

[Models of economic evaluation of health and safety interventions at workplace].

Economic analyses and evaluation of the effect of workers' health on the national economy have begun to play a significant role in decision-making processes in terms of relations between health and safety in the work environment and the financial policy of enterprises. The economic dimension of consequences of occupational diseases and accidents at work is more frequently associated with the financial policy of enterprises understood as an element of costs involved. This gains particular significance when enterprises must maintain and improve economic effectiveness especially in the case of limited resources and permanent competition on the market.

[Calculating costs of premature infants' intensive care in the United States of America, Canada and Australia].

Although advanced neonatal care technology has contributed to significant decline in mortality of premature infants, it has also resulted in rising costs of hospitalization. Premature infants constitute 4% to 6% of all newborns treated annually in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and that is why the cost of prematurity determines considerable financial burden on health care in each country. In Poland research concerning costs of neonatal intensive care have not been conducted so far.

[Economic evaluation as a component in the evaluation of a prevention program].

Background: A growing gap between the required and available funds forces relevant bodies to use more effectively available financial means without decreasing the health care efficiency. Health policy makers have to take decisions on the kind, timing, and standard of medical care as well as on the mode and place of health service delivery. Moreover, they have to decide who should be provided with medical care under the National Health Fund.

[Cost analysis of task implementation at the regional occupational medicine centers].

In this paper, the considerations on setting the costs of the tasks to be implemented by provincial occupational medicine centers (POMCs) are continued (Med Pr 2001; 3: 197-201). Under the research project carried out by the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, the method of setting costs has been elaborated and implemented in selected POMCs. At the implementation stage, a set of forms to collect and process data on costs involved was prepared.