A Review of Risk Factors for Polypharmacy: Age, Level of Education, and Physician's Attitude.

Polypharmacy, a growing public health and economic concern, is particularly common among the elderly due to the high prevalence of multimorbidity, such as dementia and stroke, which necessitates complex treatment regimens. While commonly understood as taking five or more medications, definitions of polypharmacy are varied and may be misleading in clinical practice. This research examines factors such as a country's expenditure on health and education, age, and clinicians' holistic approaches to compare the prevalence of polypharmacy across different groups.

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: a review of diagnostic criteria based on a case series.

Purpose: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare cause of painful ophtalmoplegia with different clinical manifestations. It is described as a unilateral periorbital headache with concomitant dysfunction of at least one out of the IIIrd, IVth and VIth cranial nerves due to the granulomatous inflammation of periorbital structures, but no underlying cause has been established.

Case Description: We present six patients referred to the Neurology Department due to a unilateral headache with ipsilateral paresis of at least one cranial nerve responsible for eye movements.

Choroid plexus imaging in multiple sclerosis management - a systematic review.

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) disease associated with inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. It affects more than 2 million people globally, and usually occurs in young adults, three-quarters of whom are women. Importantly, accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential, as this disease can lead to the rapid development of disability.

Dysphagia in Ischaemic Stroke Patients: One Centre Retrospective Study.

The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of dysphagia in patients with ischaemic stroke. It was crucial to evaluate the relationship between swallowing disorders and selected demographic and clinical indicators. Additionally, the association between various patient feeding methods and selected demographic and clinical factors was assessed.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 and its prognostic value in the course of acute ischemic cerebrovascular events.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as a predictor of the course of an acute cerebral ischemic event (AICE). This polypeptide, by activating receptors that are present in most tissues, including the brain, mediates the anabolic activity of growth hormone (GH) and its impact on growth and maturation processes, as well as organisms' survival time. AICE can occur in the form of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or an ischemic stroke (IS).

Clinical guidance for choosing the right pharmacotherapy for migraine attacks.

Introduction: Migraine as headache attacks with autonomic symptoms is a serious condition and it is important to treat a single attack effectively in order to improve not only the patient's quality of life at a given moment but also to prevent the migraine from becoming a chronic one.

Area Covered: The article briefly presents the guidance in selecting the most appropriate pharmacological treatment of migraine attack, indicating a personalized approach to migraine patient.

Expert Opinion: In this short paper, we show the implementation of new drugs into everyday clinical practice.

Overactivity of the Less Affected Side as a Possible Pattern of Asymmetry in Sitting in Patients Suffering from First-Time Ischemic Stroke-An Observational Study.

It has been observed that in some people in the acute phase of ischemic stroke (IS) there is a tendency to shift the body weight towards the side more affected by the disease and a tendency to spontaneous movements of the upper and/or lower limbs (not covered by the neurological syndrome). The purposes of this study were: to define the kind of behavior observed, and to select symptoms which can predict its occurrence. Participants (n = 222) hospitalized due to first-time IS were assigned to three groups.

The Prevalence and Outlook of Doping in Electronic Sports (Esports): An Original Study and Review of the Overlooked Medical Challenges.

Background The first electronic sports (esports) tournament was recorded in 1972, and since then, gaming leagues and tournaments with prizes have been established. Nowadays, the commercialization of competitive gaming may drive players to cheat their way to success and neglect their physical and mental well-being. The issue is all the more vital, as it is often overlooked by classically educated doctors, including sports medicine specialists.

Is there a correlation between migraine and eating disorders? A systematic literature review.

Introduction: Migraine is a common primary headache disorder, which affects mainly young females, usually those with some specific personality traits including neuroticism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Among many factors that may trigger headache are to be found those associated with eating patterns and behaviours. Eating disorders are psychiatric disorders of abnormal eating or weight-control behaviours.

Caffeine for Headaches: Helpful or Harmful? A Brief Review of the Literature.

Consumption of caffeine in the diet, both daily and occasional, has a significant biological effect on the nervous system. Caffeine, through various and not yet fully investigated mechanisms, affects headaches. This is especially noticeable in migraine.

Experts and national consultants' recommendations regarding management of patients treated for migraine with comorbid depression. Diagnosis. Therapeutic strategies. Part 2.

Depressive disorders are currently diagnosed based on the ICD-10 and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and include axial depressive symptoms and additional symptoms that must coexist for at least two weeks. Migraine is diagnosed based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders. It is generally divided into migraine with and without aura, and with regard to the frequency of attacks into episodic and chronic migraine.

Experts and national consultants' recommendations regarding management of patients treated for migraine with comorbid depression. Epidemiology. Pathomechanism. Comorbidity. Part 1.

Coexistence of migraine and depression is a significant clinical problem. Health examination surveys indicate that patients who suffer from migraine are more likely to develop depression than the general population. The inverse relationship is also observed.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Migraine: EQ-5D-5L-Based Study in Routine Clinical Practice.

Background: Migraine leads to moderate to severe disabilities and disrupts family life, interpersonal relationships, and professional life, and is the second leading cause of disability worldwide. Many people with migraine suffer prolonged headaches and frequent migraine attacks, transition to having chronic migraine, and have the highest number of disability-adjusted life-years. The aim of this study is to measure the quality of life in migraineurs based on the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire.

Botulinum Toxin-A Current Place in the Treatment of Chronic Migraine and Other Primary Headaches.

Headaches are a very common condition that most people will experience many times during their lives. This article presents the primary headaches, which are a large group of diseases where the headache is not a symptom of another known disease. Tension-type headache affects approximately 80% of the general population, and the prevalence of migraine is estimated at 10-12%.

The Pathogenetic Role of Melatonin in Migraine and Its Theoretic Implications for Pharmacotherapy: A Brief Overview of the Research.

Migraine is a chronic disease of global concern, regardless of socio-economic and cultural background. It most often and intensely affects young adults, especially women. Numerous mechanisms of a migraine attack have been identified (disturbances in the reaction of vessels, functions of neurotransmitters, cortical neurons, ion channels, receptors, the process of neurogenic inflammation), and many of its symptoms can be explained by activation of the hypothalamus and disturbances in its communication with other brain regions (including the brainstem).

The Physiotherapy Process of a Plegic Patient Who Communicates with Foot Movement-A Case Report.

There are no official recommendations regarding physiotherapy for encephalitis patients. However, such patients, depending on their condition, have to undergo rehabilitation preceded by a detailed functional examination. The paper describes the physiotherapy treatment of a 28-year-old female after acute encephalitis.