Dose distribution in bladder and surrounding normal tissues in relation to bladder volume in conformal radiotherapy for bladder cancer.

Purpose: To estimate bladder movements and changes in dose distribution in the bladder and surrounding tissues associated with changes in bladder filling and to estimate the internal treatment margins.

Methods And Materials: A total of 16 patients with bladder cancer underwent planning computed tomography scans with 80- and 150-mL bladder volumes. The bladder displacements associated with the change in volume were measured.

Effect of nitrates on biotransformation of phosphogypsum and phenol uptake in cultures of autochthonous sludge microflora from petroleum refining wastewaters.

The effect of nitrates on the biotransformation of phosphogypsum at 30 degrees C in stationary cultures of anaerobic, heterogeneous microflora growing in medium with phenol (250-1,000 mg/L) as sole carbon source was studied. The microorganisms used in this study were isolated from sludge in biological petroleum-refining wastewater treatment plant. Phosphogypsum (a waste product in the chemical industry that contains approximately 95% CaSO4) was added in amount of 5 g/L, the source of nitrates was KNO3 in concentration equivalent to that of phenol (250-1,000 mg N-NO3/L).