The Influence of Rhizobial Nod Factors on the Synthesis of Flavonoids in Common Buckwheat ( Moench).

Flavonoids constitute a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites synthesised mainly by plants and possessing anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Common buckwheat ( Moench) is a dicotyledonous plant rich in different classes of flavonoids (e.g.

Assessment of Phenanthrene Degradation Potential by Plant-Growth-Promoting Endophytic Strain 23aP Isolated from (Hacq.) Rothm.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common xenobiotics that are detrimental to the environment and human health. Bacterial endophytes, having the capacity to degrade PAHs, and plant growth promotion (PGP) may facilitate their biodegradation. In this study, phenanthrene (PHE) utilization of a newly isolated PGP endophytic strain of 23aP and factors affecting the process were evaluated.

A New Exopolysaccharide from a Wood-Decaying Fungus for a Wide Range of Biotechnological Applications.

Fungi are a unique natural resource rich in polysaccharides, proteins, and other components. Polysaccharides are considered one of the most important bioactive components in fungi. Increasing numbers of studies have confirmed that fungal polysaccharides have various biological activities.

(1→3)-α-d-Glucooligosaccharides Increase the Killing Capacity of NK Cells against Selected Human Colon Cancer Cells.

Despite the progress of medicine, colorectal cancer has occupied one of the highest positions in the rankings of cancer morbidity and mortality for many years. Thus, alternative methods of its treatment are sought. One of the newer therapeutic strategies is immunotherapy based on NK cells (natural killers), which are the body's first line of defense against cancer.

Lipidomics Analysis of Multilamellar Bodies Produced by Amoeba in Co-Culture with .

Multilamellar bodies (MLBs) are membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles of lysosomal origin. In some protozoa, they were considered as lipid storage secretory organelles and feasible participants in cell-to-cell communication. However, for , similar vesicles were indicated only as possible transmission vectors of several pathogenic bacteria without attributing them biological roles and activities.

Structure of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of endophytic Pseudomonas sp. strain L1.

The O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas sp. Strain L1, the endophytic bacteria of Lolium perenne (ryegrass) plants growing in soil in an industrial area in the Silesia region (Zabrze, Southern Poland). The high-molecular-weight O-PS fraction liberated from Pseudomonas sp.

Structure of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Serratia spp. strains 10.1WK and 1XS plant endophytes isolated from O. biennis and L. corniculatus.

O-specific polysaccharides (O-PSs) isolated from lipopolysaccharides of Serratia spp., strains 10.1WK and 1XS, which are endophytic bacteria of Oenothera biennis (common evening-primrose) and Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), plants growing on a petroleum hydrocarbon polluted site in the Silesia region, were investigated.

Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharide-Rich Young Green Barley () Extract and Its Structural Characterization.

Young green barley (YGB) water extract has revealed a beneficial impact on natural killer (NK) cells' ability to recognize and eliminate human colon cancer cells, without any side effects for normal colon epithelial cells. The direct anticancer effect of the tested compounds has been also shown. The mixture of oligosaccharides found in this extract was characterized by chemical analyses and via FT-IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS techniques.

Immobilization mechanism of Cd/HCrO/CrO ions and carboxin on montmorillonite modified with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii exopolysaccharide.

The modification of clay minerals by exopolysaccharides (EPSs) may significantly increase their adsorption capacity. Therefore, this study focused on the impact of the EPS synthesised by the soil bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii on the adsorptive features of montmorillonite relative to two heavy metal ions (cadmium/Cd(II) and chromium/Cr(VI)) and a pesticide (carboxin).

Multimodal Spectroscopic Imaging of Pea Root Nodules to Assess the Nitrogen Fixation in the Presence of Biofertilizer Based on Nod-Factors.

Multimodal spectroscopic imaging methods such as Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to monitor the changes in distribution and to determine semi quantitatively selected metabolites involved in nitrogen fixation in pea root nodules. These approaches were used to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrogen fixation by pea plants treated with biofertilizer preparations containing Nod factors. To assess the effectiveness of biofertilizer, the fresh and dry masses of plants were determined.

The Lipid A from the Lipopolysaccharide of the Phototrophic Bacterium ATCC 17100 Revisited.

The structure of lipid A from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of ATCC 17100 () a phototrophic, budding bacterium was re-investigated using high-resolution mass spectrometry, NMR, and chemical degradation protocols. It was found that the (GlcN)-disaccharide lipid A backbone was substituted by a GalA residue that was connected to C-1 of proximal GlcN. Some of this GalA residue was β-eliminated by alkaline de-acylation, which indicated the possibility of the presence of another so far unidentified substituent at C-4 in non-stoichiometric amounts.

Lipid A from Lipopolysaccharide That Contains Two Galacturonic Acid Residues in the Backbone and Malic Acid A Tertiary Acyl Substituent.

The free-living Gram-negative bacterium (formerly: ), isolated from wastewater, is able to live in aerobic and, facultatively, in autotrophic conditions, utilizing carbon monoxide or hydrogen as a source of energy. The structure of lipid A, a hydrophobic part of lipopolysaccharide, was studied using NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) techniques. It was demonstrated that the lipid A backbone is composed of two d-GlcN3N residues connected by a β-(1→6) glycosidic linkage, substituted by galacturonic acids (d-GalA) at C-1 and C-4' positions.

Biological activity of Nod factors.

Chemically, the Nod factors (NFs) are lipochitooligosaccharides, produced mainly by bacteria of the Rhizobium genus. They are the main signaling molecules involved in the initiation of symbiosis between rhizobia and legume plants. Nod factors affect plant tissues at very low concentrations, even as low as 10-12 mol/L.

Recent developments of MALDI MSI application in plant tissues analysis.

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an efficient technology applied in plant metabolomics research. This technique allows for visualization of spatial distribution of metabolites such as: lipids, proteins, peptides and DNA sequences, by determining the x, y coordinates of the compounds exactly in plant tissue. Simplicity of the tissue preparation without the need of prior exact knowledge about the analytes is a great advantage of this method.

Differences in Production, Composition, and Antioxidant Activities of Exopolymeric Substances (EPS) Obtained from Cultures of Endophytic Strains with Different Effects on Cereals.

Exopolymeric substances (EPS) can determine plant-microorganism interactions and have great potential as bioactive compounds. The different amounts of EPS obtained from cultures of three endophytic strains with different aggressiveness-growth promoting (PGPF), deleterious (DRMO), and pathogenic towards cereal plants-depended on growth conditions. The EPS concentrations (under optimized culture conditions) were the lowest (0.

Silver Nanoparticles on Chitosan/Silica Nanofibers: Characterization and Antibacterial Activity.

A simple, low-cost, and reproducible method for creating materials with even silver nanoparticles (AgNP) dispersion was established. Chitosan nanofibers with silica phase (CS/silica) were synthesized by an electrospinning technique to obtain highly porous 3D nanofiber scaffolds. Silver nanoparticles in the form of a well-dispersed metallic phase were synthesized in an external preparation step and embedded in the CS/silica nanofibers by deposition for obtaining chitosan nanofibers with silica phase decorated by silver nanoparticles (Ag/CS/silica).

The Effect of Mushroom Extracts on Human Platelet and Blood Coagulation: In vitro Screening of Eight Edible Species.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading global cause of mortality indicating the need to identify all possible factors reducing primary and secondary risk. This study screened the in vitro antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities of hot water extracts of eight edible mushroom species (, , , , , , , and ) increasingly cultivated for human consumption, and compared them to those evoked by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The antioxidant capacity and concentration of polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, organic acids, ergosterol, macro elements, and trace elements were also characterized.

Antitumour effect of glucooligosaccharides obtained via hydrolysis of α-(1 → 3)-glucan from Fomitopsis betulina.

Novel α-(1 → 3)-glucooligosaccharides (α-(1 → 3)-GOS) were prepared by acid hydrolysis of α-(1→ 3)-glucan isolated from Fomitopsis betulina fruiting bodies and characterized. Their anti-cancer potential was evaluated in in vitro assays in a colon cancer cell model. The tested α-(1 → 3)-GOS showed antiproliferative (MTT assay) and pro-apoptotic (Annexin V-FITC and PI technique) features against colon cancer but not against normal epithelial colon cells.

Chemical characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides isolated from a Boletus edulis (Bull.) fruiting body and their potential for heavy metal biosorption.

Wild mushrooms are gathered and consumed in many regions of the world. Edible mushrooms are a good source of valuable nutritious ingredients but they also are able to accumulate heavy metals from the environment. Participation of polysaccharide components of mushroom cell walls in biosorption is poorly understood, therefore, our investigations focussed on an alkali-soluble polysaccharide derived from the cell wall of Boletus edulis.

Studies on lipid A isolated from Phyllobacterium trifolii PETP02 lipopolysaccharide.

The structure of lipid A from lipopolysaccharide of Phyllobacterium trifolii PETP02, a nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium, was studied. It was found that the lipid A backbone was composed of two 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose (GlcpN3N) residues connected by a β-(1 → 6) glycosidic linkage, substituted by galacturonic acid (GalpA) at position C-1 and partly decorated by a phosphate residue at C-4' of the non-reducing GlcpN3N. Both diaminosugars were symmetrically substituted by 3-hydroxy fatty acids (14:0(3-OH) and 16:0(3-OH)).

Structure of O-specific polysaccharide of Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 - a wastewater bacterium.

Oligotropha carboxidovorans strain OM5 (previously known as Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5) is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium isolated from wastewater. This bacterium is able to live in aerobic and, facultatively, in autotrophic conditions. For autotrophic growth, the bacteria can utilize carbon monoxide or hydrogen as a source of energy.

Structure, biosynthesis and function of unusual lipids A from nodule-inducing and N-fixing bacteria.

This review focuses on the chemistry and structures of (Brady)rhizobium lipids A, indispensable parts of lipopolysaccharides. These lipids contain unusual (ω-1) hydroxylated very long chain fatty acids, which are synthesized by a very limited group of bacteria, besides rhizobia. The significance and requirement of the very long chain fatty acids for outer membrane stability as well as the genetics of the synthesis pathway are discussed.

Rhizobium strains differ considerably in outer membrane permeability and polymyxin B resistance.

Six rhizobium (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii TA1, Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021, Mesorhizobium huakuii IFO 15243(T), Ochrobactrum lupini LUP 21(T), Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 and B. elkanii USDA 76) and two Escherichia coli strains (E.

Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from the legume endosymbiotic bacterium Ochrobactrum cytisi strain ESC1(T).

The O-specific polysaccharide was obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of the legume-endosymbiotic bacterium Ochrobactrum cytisi strain ESC1(T) and studied by chemical analyses and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was found to have a disaccharide repeating unit containing α-d-fucose and β-N-acetyl-d-galactosamine residues connected via (1→3)-glycosidic bonds, resulting in the following structure: →3)-α-d-Fucp-(1→3)-β-d-GalpNAc-(1→ The d-GalpNAc residue was nonstoichiometrically substituted with a 4-O-methyl group (∼10%) or with a 4,6-O-(1-carboxy)-ethylidene residue (pyruvyl group) (∼10%).