Urinalysis and perceived effects following 2-week use of a commercial broad-spectrum cannabidiol product.

A growing number of hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products are available with negligible amounts (< 100 ppm) of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) due in part to consumer concerns regarding the risk of positive drug screens. There are, however, no published studies that report whether repeated use of these products may lead to positive urine drug tests for THC. There is also scant research on the effects of these products on physical and mental well-being.

Postmarketing Surveillance of Full Spectrum Hemp Extract CBD Products: Reported Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events.

Background: There is a growing interest in products featuring hemp extracts and a demand for more data regarding their safety. To date, there is a paucity of published data on the safety of these products.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of postmarketing surveillance data collected in the United States on full spectrum hemp extract (FSHE) products manufactured by Charlotte's Web (CW) was conducted over an 18-month period (January 2019 to July 2020).

CBD Versus CBDP: Comparing In Vitro Receptor-Binding Activities.

Phytocannabinoids with seven-carbon alkyl chains (phorols) have gained a lot of attention, as they are commonly believed to be more potent versions of typical cannabinoids with shorter alkyl chains. At the time of this article, cannabidiphorol (CBDP) and tetrahydrocannabiphorol (THCP) can both be purchased in the North American market, even though their biological activities are nearly unknown. To investigate their relative potency, we conducted in vitro receptor-binding experiments with CBDP (cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor antagonism, serotonin 5HT-1A agonism, dopamine D2S (short form) agonism, and mu-opioid negative allosteric modulation) and compared the observed activity with that of CBD.

Cannabidiol (CBD) Products: Use Patterns and Perceptions Within a Sample of Anxious Users.

Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) shows promise for a variety of indications, including anxiety. Prior survey work indicates anxiety ranks as a top reason for which people use cannabidiol (CBD), but no work has evaluated individuals using CBD specifically for anxiety.

Method: The current study evaluated CBD product use patterns and perceptions within a sample of 81 participants ( = 32.

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality.

The present study sought to determine the effects of cannabinol (CBN) alone and in combination with cannabidiol (CBD) on sleep quality. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted between May and November 2022. Participants were randomized to receive either (a) placebo, (b) 20 mg CBN, (c) 20 mg CBN + 10 mg CBD, (d) 20 mg CBN + 20 mg CBD, or (e) 20 mg CBN + 100 mg CBD for seven consecutive nights.

Using the Cigarette Purchase Task to examine the relative reinforcing value of cigarettes among mothers with versus without opioid dependence.

The Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), in which participants estimate the number of cigarettes they would smoke across increasing cigarette prices, measures the relative reinforcing value of cigarettes. Although opioid-dependent individuals are particularly vulnerable to tobacco addiction, more research is needed to elucidate whether and to what extent their motivation to smoke differs from not-opioid-dependent smokers controlling for potential sociodemographic differences. Participants were 173 women (65 opioid-dependent) in an ongoing clinical trial for smoking cessation.

Smoking prevalence among U.S. national samples of pregnant women.

Several data sources exist for estimating U.S. smoking prevalence among pregnant women, yet each differs in ways that have the potential to impact the estimates.

Sensitivity of hypothetical purchase task indices when studying substance use: A systematic literature review.

Hypothetical Purchase Tasks (HPTs) simulate demand for a substance as a function of escalating price. HPTs are increasingly used to examine relationships between substance-related correlates and outcomes and demand typically characterized using a common battery of indices (Intensity, O, P, Breakpoint, Elasticity). This review examines the relative sensitivity of the HPT indices.

Examining interrelationships between the Cigarette Purchase Task and delay discounting among pregnant women.

Two common behavioral economic simulation tasks used to study cigarette smoking are the Cigarette Purchase Task, a measure of cigarette demand, and delay discounting, a measure of the subjective value of rewards as a function of delays to delivery. Few studies have evaluated whether combining these tasks enhances understanding of smoking beyond either alone. The current study represents an initial evaluation of the intersection between cigarette demand indices and delay discounting among pregnant smokers by examining associations between these measures and whether a woman makes antepartum quit attempts before entering prenatal care (a reliable predictor of eventual quitting).

A review of the effects of very low nicotine content cigarettes on behavioral and cognitive performance.

The present systematic review examines whether very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes ameliorate withdrawal-induced impairments in behavioral/cognitive performance. PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched for performance effects of VLNC cigarettes. For inclusion, reports had to be in English, published in a peer-reviewed journal through June 2017, examine VLNC cigarettes (<0.

Effects of Financial Incentives for Smoking Cessation on Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Among Pregnant and Newly Postpartum Women.

Introduction: Financial incentives for smoking cessation increase smoking abstinence and decrease Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores among depression-prone pregnant and postpartum women. The present study is a secondary analysis using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) to examine whether this treatment impacts a broader array of mood and anxiety symptoms.

Methods: Participants (N = 253) were pregnant cigarette smokers who participated in four controlled clinical trials examining the efficacy of financial incentives for smoking cessation.

Simulating demand for cigarettes among pregnant women: A Low-Risk method for studying vulnerable populations.

A substantive obstacle to experimentally studying cigarette smoking and use of other tobacco products in pregnant women is the risk of adverse effects on mother and fetus from experimenter administration of the product of interest. The purpose of this study is to investigate bypassing that obstacle by using behavioral economic simulation tasks. In the present study we used the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) to simulate changes in demand for hypothetical cigarettes as a function of varying cigarette prices.

Some context for understanding the place of the general educational development degree in the relationship between educational attainment and smoking prevalence.

Introduction: Individuals with a General Educational Development (GED) degree have the highest smoking prevalence of any education level, including high school dropouts without a GED. Yet little research has been reported providing a context for understanding the exception that the GED represents in the otherwise graded inverse relationship between educational attainment and smoking prevalence. We investigated whether the GED may be associated with a general riskier profile that includes but is not limited to increased smoking prevalence.

A Review of the Literature on Remote Monitoring Technology in Incentive-Based Interventions for Health-Related Behavior Change.

Use of technology (e.g., Internet, cell phones) to allow remote implementation of incentives interventions for health-related behavior change is growing.

Response to varying the nicotine content of cigarettes in vulnerable populations: an initial experimental examination of acute effects.

Rationale: The purpose of this study was to begin researching the effects of very low nicotine content cigarettes in smokers especially vulnerable to dependence to assess their potential as a less dependence-producing alternative to current commercial cigarettes.

Methods: Participants were 26 adult, daily cigarette smokers from one of three populations: economically disadvantaged women of reproductive age (n = 9), opioid-dependent individuals (n = 11), and individuals with affective disorders (n = 6). Participants completed fourteen 2-4-h experimental sessions in a within-subjects research design.

Depression in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Mediating Role of Cognitive-Behavioral Factors.

Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for depressive disorders but little is known about the potential cognitive and behavioral mechanisms of risk that could shape treatment. This study evaluated the degree to which cognitive-behavioral constructs associated with depression and its treatment-dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive-behavioral avoidance-accounted for variance in depressive symptoms and disorder in adults with ADHD. 77 adults clinically diagnosed with ADHD completed self-report questionnaires, diagnostic interviews, and clinician-administered symptom rating scales.