Association between achieving adequate antenatal care and health-seeking behaviors: A study of Demographic and Health Surveys in 47 low- and middle-income countries.

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is essential for ensuring the well-being of pregnant women and their fetuses. This study models the association between achieving adequate ANC and various health and health-seeking indicators across wealth quintiles in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Methods And Findings: We analyzed data from 638,265 women across 47 LMICs using available Demographic and Health Surveys from 2010 to 2022.

Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica and incident idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and pulmonary sarcoidosis: a national prospective follow-up study.

Background: Respirable crystalline silica is a well-known cause of silicosis but may also be associated with other types of interstitial lung disease. We examined the associations between occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica and the risk of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, pulmonary sarcoidosis and silicosis.

Methods: The total Danish working population was followed 1977-2015.

Risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other interstitial lung diseases following organic dust exposure.

Background: Organic dust is associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and associations with other types of interstitial lung disease (ILD) have been suggested. We examined the association between occupational organic dust exposure and hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs in a cohort study.

Methods: The study population included all residents of Denmark born in 1956 or later with at least 1 year of gainful employment since 1976.

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In this review, we discuss a new definition and treatment options of allergic alveolitis (AA). AA is an immune-mediated interstitial lung disease triggered by inhaled antigens, it is defined as non-fibrotic (inflammatory) and/or fibrotic, and diagnosis relies on a multidisciplinary approach using clinical, radiological and sometimes histological assessments. Treatment involves early antigen elimination and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants.

The asbestos-asbestosis exposure-response relationship: a cohort study of the general working population.

Objectives: The association between asbestos exposure and asbestosis in high-exposed industrial cohorts is well-known, but there is a lack of knowledge about the exposure-response relationship for asbestosis in a general working population setting. We examined the exposure-response relationship between occupational asbestos exposure and asbestosis in asbestos-exposed workers of the Danish general working population.

Methods: We followed all asbestos-exposed workers from 1979 to 2015 and identified incident cases of asbestosis using the Danish National Patient Register.

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Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) represent 2-3% of cancer cases in Denmark, with increasing incidence. RCCs invading the inferior vena cava (IVC) with tumour thrombus (TT) are associated with poor prognosis. Classification is based on tumour extent in the IVC.

Do acute inflammatory cytokines affect 3- and 12-month postoperative functional outcomes-a prospective cohort study of 12 patients with proximal tibia fractures.

Background: Patients with intra-articular fractures tend to develop post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). The initial inflammatory response with elevation of inflammatory cytokines following joint trauma might be responsible for triggering cartilage catabolism and degradation. We aimed to identify and quantify cytokine levels in fractured and healthy knee joints and the correlation of these cytokines with clinical outcomes.

Sidman or statistics?

Murray Sidman's statements regarding variability, experimental control, and generality are interwoven with examples from the literature on conditional discrimination. Sidman's position was that statistical inferences from group studies produce no information about the behavior of individual subjects and that statistical treatment of individual subject data masks variability which may represent conditions that are not controlled. Sidman's work on conditional discrimination provides excellent examples of how complex discriminations should be examined in detail with accuracy levels obtained for each type of discrimination within an experiment.

Associations of Occupational Styrene Exposure With Risk of Encephalopathy and Unspecified Dementia: A Long-Term Follow-up Study of Workers in the Reinforced Plastics Industry.

Exposure to industrial solvents has been associated with encephalopathy. Styrene is a neurotoxic industrial solvent, and we investigated the long-term risk of encephalopathy and unspecified dementia following styrene exposure. We followed 72,465 workers in the reinforced plastics industry in Denmark (1977-2011) and identified incident cases of encephalopathy (n = 228) and unspecified dementia (n = 565) in national registers.

Murray Sidman: A life of giving.

Murray Sidman's contributions to the science of behavior span many areas including avoidance behavior, coercion and its effects, stimulus control, errorless learning, programmed learning, stimulus equivalence, and single-subject methodology. He was also a great mentor to many and helped shape the discipline we now call behavior analysis. In this memoriam, we briefly highlight his scholarly legacy and share some personal anecdotes.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder predisposes to metabolic abnormalities in adulthood.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects at least 10% of newborns globally and leads to the development of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Despite its high incidence, there is no consensus on the implications of PAE on metabolic disease risk in adults. Here, we describe a cohort of adults with FASDs that had an increased incidence of metabolic abnormalities, including type 2 diabetes, low HDL, high triglycerides, and female-specific overweight and obesity.

Sinonasal adenocarcinoma following styrene exposure in the reinforced plastics industry.

Background: Sinonasal adenocarcinoma is a rare disease expected to have rare causes and potential for strong risk factors as reflected by the strong association with occupational wood dust exposure. High level styrene exposure is a rare and suspected carcinogen, and this study examines the exposure-response relation between occupational styrene exposure, sinonasal adenocarcinoma and other subtypes.

Methods: We followed 73 092 styrene-exposed workers from 1968 to 2011 and identified sinonasal cancers in the Danish Cancer Registry.

When Are Complications After Brain Tumor Surgery Detected?

Objective: To optimize follow-up and surveillance routines after intracranial surgery, knowledge about when complications occur is needed. We sought to explore when postoperative complications are detected after brain tumor surgery and assess their severity.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of hospital records in 1291 adult patients undergoing elective craniotomy for intracranial tumors between 2008 and 2016 at our institution.

Conditional associative learning examined in a paralyzed patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using brain-computer interface technology.

Background: Brain-computer interface methodology based on self-regulation of slow-cortical potentials (SCPs) of the EEG (electroencephalogram) was used to assess conditional associative learning in one severely paralyzed, late-stage ALS patient. After having been taught arbitrary stimulus relations, he was evaluated for formation of equivalence classes among the trained stimuli.

Methods: A monitor presented visual information in two targets.

A brain-computer interface tool to assess cognitive functions in completely paralyzed patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Objective: Brain-computer interface methodology based on self-regulation of slow-cortical potentials (SCPs) of the EEG was used to assess cognitive abilities of two late-stage ALS patients.

Methods: A monitor presented visual information in two targets. Patients used their SCPs to steer a cursor to one of the targets.

An inexpensive and automated method for presenting olfactory or tactile stimuli to rats in a two-choice discrimination task.

An inexpensive and automated method for presentation of olfactory or tactile stimuli in a two-choice task for rats was implemented with the use of a computer-controlled bidirectional motor. The motor rotated a disk that presented two stimuli of different texture for tactile discrimination, or different odor for olfactory discrimination. Because the solid olfactory stimuli were placed outside the chamber in metal pods with a mesh at front for odor sampling, "washout" of odors between trials was not necessary.

The neurotensin receptor agonist NT69L suppresses sucrose-reinforced operant behavior in the rat.

NT69L is a neurotensin analog that can be administered peripherally. It blocks amphetamine- and cocaine-induced hyperactivity in rats. It also blocks nicotine-induced locomotor activity and has shown sustained efficacy in a rat model of nicotine-induced sensitization.

Development of interception of moving targets by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an automated task.

The experiments investigated how two adult captive chimpanzees learned to navigate in an automated interception task. They had to capture a visual target that moved predictably on a touch monitor. The aim of the study was to determine the learning stages that led to an efficient strategy of intercepting the target.

Response-initiated imaging of operant behavior using a digital camera.

A miniature digital camera, QuickCam Pro 3000, intended for use with video e-mail, was modified so that snapshots were triggered by operant behavior emitted in a standard experimental chamber. With only minor modification, the manual shutter button on the camera was replaced with a simple switch closure via an I/O interface controlled by a PC computer. When the operant behavior activated the I/O switch, the camera took a snapshot of the subject's behavior at that moment.

[Acute intermittent porphyria is a difficult diagnosis--especially in children].

Background: Acute intermittent porphyria is a rare disease, and it is often confused with other diseases since the symptoms, abdominal pain, paresis and depression are rather common. The disease most often becomes manifest after puberty, but cases in childhood have been described. The present paper deals with a child with onset of acute intermittent porphyria at eight years of age.

Acquisition of navigation by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an automated fingermaze task.

These experiments investigated how chimpanzees learn to navigate visual fingermazes presented on a touch monitor. The aim was to determine whether training the subjects to solve several different mazes would establish a generalized map-reading skill such that they would solve new mazes correctly on the first presentation. In experiment 1, two captive adult female chimpanzees were trained to move a visual object (a ball) with a finger over the monitor surface toward a target through a grid of obstacles that formed a maze.