Mutual recognition in the European system: A blueprint for increasing access to medicines?

The European regulatory system for approval of medicinal products is globally recognised as a unique platform for regulatory work-sharing and mutual recognition. As such, it potentially serves as a role model for regulatory capacity building worldwide. While focusing on mutual recognition and decentralised procedures, this paper illustrates key success factors and structures allowing for the reliance-based authorisation of medicines in the European Economic Area from the perspective of a national regulatory authority (NRA).

Cyclic GMP-AMP displays mucosal adjuvant activity in mice.

The recently discovered mammalian enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase produces cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) after being activated by pathogen-derived cytosolic double stranded DNA. The product can stimulate STING-dependent interferon type I signaling. Here, we explore the efficacy of cGAMP as a mucosal adjuvant in mice.

The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-AMP exerts immune stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages.

The cyclic di-nucleotide bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a candidate mucosal adjuvant with proven efficacy in preclinical models. It was shown to promote specific humoral and cellular immune responses following mucosal administration. To date, there is only fragmentary knowledge on the cellular and molecular mode of action of c-di-AMP.