Online and offline effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation of the primary motor cortex.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that allows interaction with endogenous cortical oscillatory rhythms by means of external sinusoidal potentials. The physiological mechanisms underlying tACS effects are still under debate. Whereas online (e.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Memory Consolidation: Timing Matters.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising tool for modulation of learning and memory, allowing to transiently change cortical excitability of specific brain regions with physiological and behavioral outcomes. A detailed exploration of factors that can moderate tDCS effects on episodic long-term memory (LTM) is of high interest due to the clinical potential for patients with traumatic or pathological memory deficits and with cognitive impairments. This commentary discusses findings by Marián et al.

Effects of Growth Regulators and Gelling Agents on Ex Vitro Rooting of Raspberry.

Successful acclimatization and ex vitro rooting are among the key factors reducing the cost of micropropagated plants. We compared the survival of seven Russian cultivars of raspberry () after rooting in vitro and ex vitro. Rooted shoots adapted to nonsterile conditions much better than nonrooted ones, with survival rates of 81%⁻98% versus 43%⁻76%, respectively.