Heart Failure in Black Populations: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Disparities.

Heart failure (HF) remains a significant health challenge globally, placing a heavy burden on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. The prevalence of HF continues to rise, posing substantial public health concerns. This burden is particularly pronounced among the Black Population, who face higher prevalence, earlier onset, and greater severity of HF compared to other racial and ethnic groups.

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF): Emerging Concepts in Diagnosis, Pain Management, and Novel Treatment Options: A Narrative Review.

Purpose Of Review: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary autoinflammatory disorder predominantly affecting individuals of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent, including those with certain heritages including Sephardic Jewish, Armenian, Turkish, and Arab. The disorder affects up to 1 in 200 people making it a very common etiology for pain states worldwide, including serositis mediated painful states of the chest, joint, and abdomen.

Recent Findings: Defined by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation, FMF can lead to not only severe pain, but complications such as renal amyloidosis, if untreated.

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Management: A Narrative Review.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a common and often misinterpreted clinical entity responsible for various symptoms affecting the upper aerodigestive tract. This narrative literature review aims to review the pathophysiology, symptoms, and management of LPR, emphasizing the emerging understanding of gastric content reflux in aerodigestive tissue irritation. Understanding the pathophysiology of LPR will allow general practitioners and specialists to accurately recognize and treat a condition that causes substantial morbidity in the affected patients.

Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) stands as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the continued search for novel therapeutics is vital for addressing this global health challenge. Over the past decade, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has garnered significant attention in the field of medical research, as it has been proven to be a cardioprotective gaseous signaling molecule. It joins nitric oxide and carbon monoxide as endogenously produced gasotransmitters.

Avacopan, a Novel Competitive C5a Receptor Antagonist, for Severe Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Vasculitis.

Avacopan is a relatively novel drug with complement antagonizing properties, and it has demonstrated promising outcomes in treating antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. This review article seeks to investigate the current standard of care for ANCA vasculitis with the combination of avacopan. The current standard therapy involves the usage of daily corticosteroids in addition to either cyclophosphamide or rituximab; however, prolonged use of corticosteroids is known to be associated with various adverse effects.