Systemic pharmacokinetics of indacaterol, an inhaled once-daily long-acting beta2-agonist, in different ethnic populations.

Rationale: To assess ethnic sensitivity of indacaterol systemic pharmacokinetics in Japanese vs. non-Japanese patients.

Methods: Analyses were in three parts: data from a single "all Asian" clinical study; and two on pooled data - one using a linear mixed effects (LME) model and the other a non-linear mixed effects (NLME) model.

The population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-warfarin: effect of genetic and clinical factors.

Background: Warfarin is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index and large interindividual variability in daily dosing requirements. Patients commencing warfarin treatment are at risk of bleeding due to excessive anticoagulation caused by overdosing. The interindividual variability in dose requirements is influenced by a number of factors, including polymorphisms in genes mediating warfarin pharmacology, co-medication, age, sex, body size and diet.

Population pharmacokinetics and optimal design of paediatric studies for famciclovir.

Aims: To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for penciclovir (famciclovir is a prodrug of penciclovir) in adults and children and suggest an appropriate dose for children. Furthermore, to develop a limited sampling design based on sampling windows for three different paediatric age groups (1-2, 2-5 and 5-12 years) using an adequate number of subjects for future pharmacokinetic studies.

Methods: Penciclovir plasma data from six different adult and paediatric studies were supplied by Novartis.

Pharmacokinetics of a single bolus of propofol in chinese children of different ages.

Background: There is no information about the pharmacokinetic profile of propofol in Chinese children younger than 3 yr. This study was designed to determine a complete pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of propofol in Chinese children of different ages.

Methods: Arterial blood samples were obtained from 35 children with an American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status of I or II at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after a single bolus intravenous injection of propofol (3 mg/kg).

Quantitative justification for target concentration intervention--parameter variability and predictive performance using population pharmacokinetic models for aminoglycosides.

Aims: [1] To quantify the random and predictable components of variability for aminoglycoside clearance and volume of distribution [2] To investigate models for predicting aminoglycoside clearance in patients with low serum creatinine concentrations [3] To evaluate the predictive performance of initial dosing strategies for achieving an aminoglycoside target concentration.

Methods: Aminoglycoside demographic, dosing and concentration data were collected from 697 adult patients (> or =20 years old) as part of standard clinical care using a target concentration intervention approach for dose individualization. It was assumed that aminoglycoside clearance had a renal and a nonrenal component, with the renal component being linearly related to predicted creatinine clearance.