Infant mortality in the municipality of São Paulo: trend and social inequality (2006-2019).

Objective: Considering the published evidence on the impact of recent economic crises and the implementation of fiscal austerity policies in Brazil on various health indicators, this study aims to analyze how the trend and socio-spatial inequality of infant mortality behaved in the municipality of São Paulo from 2006 to 2019.

Methods: This is an ecological study with a temporal trend analysis that was developed in municipality of São Paulo, using three residence area strata differentiated according to their social vulnerability following the 2010 São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index. Infant mortality rate, as well as neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality rates, were calculated for each social vulnerability stratum, each year in the period, and for the first and last three triennia.

Educational inequalities in heart failure mortality and the cycles of the internal armed conflict in Colombia: An observational panel study of ecological data, 1999-2017.

Heart failure (HF) is a significant clinical problem and an important public health issue due to the morbidity and mortality that it causes, especially in a population that is aging and affected by social stressors such as armed conflict. We aim to describe the inequalities and trends of HF mortality by educational level in Colombia between 1999 and 2017 compared with the cycles of the internal armed conflict during the same period. An observational study of ecological data panels, with aggregates at the national level, was conducted.

Inequalities in infant vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based study in Peru.

Objective: To identify the associated factors and assess the inequalities of full vaccination coverage (FVC) among Peruvian infants aged 12-23 months during the COVID-19 pandemic in a nationally representative sample.

Methods: We carried out a population-based cross-sectional study based on a secondary data analysis using the 2021 Peruvian Demographic Health Survey (DHS) in infants aged 12 to 23 months. The sampling design was probabilistic, multistage, stratified, and independent at both departmental and area of residence levels.

Educational level and tuberculosis mortality in Colombia: growing inequalities and stagnation in reduction.

We aim to describe the role of educational inequalities, for sex and age groups, in adult tuberculosis (TB) mortality in Colombia, 1999-2017. We linked mortality data to data estimation of the national population based on censuses and surveys to obtain primary, secondary, and tertiary adult (25+ years of age) age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) by educational level. Thus, a population-based study was conducted using national secondary mortality data between 1999 and 2017.

How Educational Inequalities in Cardiovascular Mortality Evolve While Healthcare Insurance Coverage Grows: Colombia, 1998 to 2015.

Objectives: We aim to explore how the current increase in Healthcare Insurance Coverage in Colombia potentially affected educational inequalities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality from 1998 to 2015.

Methods: The official death database for the period 1998 to 2015, codified by cause of death for CVD (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision: I00-I99) was analyzed (men = 279 537, women = 292 122). We compared Healthcare Insurance Coverage (HIC) fluctuations with the trends and annual percentage changes (APCs) in CVD age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), the rate ratios of the ASMR to educational level, and the Relative Index of Inequality (RII), which was used to measure the educational inequalities.

Education and pneumonia mortality: a trend analysis of its inequalities in Colombian adults.

Objective: To explore the existence and trends of social inequalities related to pneumonia mortality in Colombian adults using educational level as a proxy of socioeconomic status.

Methods: We obtained individual and anonymised registries from death certificates due to pneumonia for 1998-2015. Educational level data were gathered from microdata of the Colombian Demography Health Surveys.

Time trends of diabetes in Colombia from 1998 to 2015: the recent stagnation in mortality, and educational inequities.

Aims: To study the observed trends in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) mortality rates according to educational level, age group and sex in Colombia between 1998 and 2015.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based in official databases. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated by age-gropus, educational level, sex and year.

Ethnicity and Low Birth Weight: Inequalities Between Ethnic Minorities and the Predominant Mestizo Population, Colombia, 2008-2014.

Low birth weight (LBW) is a global problem that annually affects nearly 20 million children, 96% of these in developing countries. According to the WHO, the poorest and the ethnic minorities are the groups most affected by this indicator. A cross-sectional study of the database of all newborns officially registered in Colombia in 2008-2014 was done.

Trends of Rural/Urban Homicide in Colombia, 1992-2015: Internal Armed Conflict and Hints for Postconflict.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between rural and urban homicide rates in Colombia between 1992 and 2015 and the fluctuations in these rates.

Methods: Individual records of homicides and population aggregates in men and women aged 15-64 years were used. The adjusted rates of annual homicides were calculated for urban/rural areas and standardized by age.

Health insurance coverage, neonatal mortality and caesarean section deliveries: an analysis of vital registration data in Colombia.

Background: Low-income and middle-income countries have introduced different health insurance schemes over the past decades, but whether different schemes are associated with different neonatal outcomes is yet unknown. We examined the association between the health insurance coverage scheme and neonatal mortality in Colombia.

Methods: We used Colombian national vital registration data, including all live births (2 506 920) and neonatal deaths (17 712) between 2008 and 2011.

Time trends in educational inequalities in cancer mortality in Colombia, 1998-2012.

Objectives: To evaluate trends in premature cancer mortality in Colombia by educational level in three periods: 1998-2002 with low healthcare insurance coverage, 2003-2007 with rapidly increasing coverage and finally 2008-2012 with almost universal coverage (2008-2012).

Setting: Colombian population-based, national secondary mortality data.

Participants: We included all (n=188,091) cancer deaths occurring in the age group 20-64 years between 1998 and 2012, excluding only cases with low levels of quality of registration (n=2902, 1.

The public health impact of economic fluctuations in a Latin American country: mortality and the business cycle in Colombia in the period 1980-2010.

Introduction: Studies in high-income countries suggest that mortality is related to economic cycles, but few studies have examined how fluctuations in the economy influence mortality in low- and middle-income countries. We exploit regional variations in gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) over the period 1980-2010 in Colombia to examine how changes in economic output relate to adult mortality.

Methods: Data on the number of annual deaths at ages 20 years and older (n = 3,506,600) from mortality registries, disaggregated by age groups, sex and region, were linked to population counts for the period 1980-2010.

Trends in inequalities in premature cancer mortality by educational level in Colombia, 1998-2007.

Background: There is a paucity of studies on socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality in developing countries. We examined trends in inequalities in cancer mortality by educational attainment in Colombia during a period of epidemiological transition and rapid expansion of health insurance coverage.

Methods: Population mortality data (1998-2007) were linked to census data to obtain age-standardised cancer mortality rates by educational attainment at ages 25-64 years for stomach, cervical, prostate, lung, colorectal, breast and other cancers.

Socioeconomic inequalities in premature mortality in Colombia, 1998-2007: the double burden of non-communicable diseases and injuries.

Objectives: Non-communicable diseases have become the leading cause of death in middle-income countries, but mortality from injuries and infections remains high. We examined the contribution of specific causes to disparities in adult premature mortality (ages 25-64) by educational level from 1998 to 2007 in Colombia.

Methods: Data from mortality registries were linked to population censuses to obtain mortality rates by educational attainment.

The impact of increasing health insurance coverage on disparities in mortality: health care reform in Colombia, 1998-2007.

Objectives: We examined the impact of expanding health insurance coverage on socioeconomic disparities in total and cardiovascular disease mortality from 1998 to 2007 in Colombia.

Methods: We used Poisson regression to analyze data from mortality registries (633 905 deaths) linked to population census data. We used the relative index of inequality to compare disparities in mortality by education between periods of moderate increase (1998-2002) and accelerated increase (2003-2007) in health insurance coverage.