CAMPANELLIProgrammed Death 1 (PD-1) and PD-1 Ligand (PD-L1) Expression in Chronic Apical Periodontitis.

Objective: This study aimed to examine programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death lig-and 1 (PD-L1) expression on leukocytes from chronic apical periodontitis, and to determine the levels of cytokines in the apical periodontitis lesions.

Methods: Leukocytes from healthy gingival tissue (n=16) and chronic apical periodontitis (n=10) were eval-uated using flow cytometry. The PD-1 and PDL-1 expressions were evaluated using flow cytometry.

Analysis of mandibular second molars with fused roots and shallow radicular grooves by using micro-computed tomography.

Aim: This study aimed to describe the morphological and morphometric aspects of fused mandibular second molars with radicular shallow grooves using micro-computed tomography (CT).

Materials And Methods: Eighty-eight mandibular second molars with fused roots were scanned in a micro-CT scanner at a voxel size of 19.6 μm.

The Influence of Humidity on Intra-tubular Penetration and Bond Strength of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex: An In Vitro Study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of humidity on the intra-tubular penetration, bond strength and failure mode associated with AH Plus (AH) and MTA Fillapex (MTAF) sealers.

Methods: For this analysis, an apparatus was created to maintain the humidity of the specimens. Sixty bovine single-rooted teeth with similar anatomy were used.

Micro-computed Tomographic Analysis of Mandibular Second Molars with C-shaped Root Canals.

Introduction: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the morphometric aspects of the internal anatomy of the root canal system of mandibular second molars with C-shaped canals.

Methods: Fifty-two extracted second mandibular molars with C-shaped canals, fused roots, and radicular grooves were selected from a Brazilian population. The samples were scanned with a micro-computed tomographic scanner at a voxel size of 19.

Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on intratubular Candida albicans.

This study investigated the efficacy of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine gel for the elimination of intratubular Candida albicans (C. albicans). Human single-rooted teeth contaminated with C.

The antimicrobial effect of new and conventional endodontic irrigants on intra-orally infected dentin.

Objectives: To evaluate if the incorporation of antimicrobial compounds to chelating agents or the use of chelating agents with antimicrobial activity as 7% maleic acid and peracetic acid show similar disinfection ability in comparison to conventional irrigants as sodium hypochlorite or iodine potassium iodide against biofilms developed on dentin.

Materials And Methods: The total bio-volume of live cells, the ratio of live cells and the substratum coverage of dentin infected intra-orally and treated with the irrigant solutions: MTAD, Qmix, Smear Clear, 7% maleic acid, 2% iodine potassium iodide, 4% peracetic acid, 2.5% and 5.

Repair of rabbit femur defects with organic bovine bone cancellous block or cortical granules.

Purpose: To investigate the osseous repair in epiphyseal rabbit femur defects treated with organic bovine bone (OBB) cancellous block or OBB cortical granules.

Materials And Methods: Forty-eight trephined defects were made bilaterally in 30 rabbits. In 18 animals, the defects were filled with OBB cancellous block (experimental group 1) or OBB cortical granules (experimental group 2), and in 12 animals (control group), the defects on both sides were filled only with blood clot.

Micro-computed tomography study of the internal anatomy of mesial root canals of mandibular molars.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameter, apical volume, and the presence of isthmuses at the apical level of mesial root canals of mandibular molars.

Methods: Sixty extracted first and second mandibular molars were scanned by using a SkyScan 1076 micro-computed tomography system with a voxel size of 18 μm. The apical thirds of the samples were reconstructed to allow a perpendicular section of the apical third by using the multiplanar reconstruction tool of the OsiriX software.

The influence of cone-beam computed tomography and periapical radiographic evaluation on the assessment of periapical bone destruction in dog's teeth.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of periapical radiographs, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) sections, and cone beam volumetric data on the determination of periapical bone destruction in endodontically treated distal root canals of premolar canine teeth. Nontreated mesial roots were used as controls.

Study Design: Enterococcus faecalis strain (ATCC 29212) was inoculated into 30 root canals of 2 mongrel dogs to induce apical periodontitis.

Comparison of GPX with or without solvent and hand files in removing filling materials from root canals--an ex vivo study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare GPX instruments and hand files for gutta-percha removal.

Study Design: Fifty maxillary central incisors with a single straight canal were instrumented and filled. The teeth were divided into 5 groups of 10 specimens each, according to the gutta-percha removal techniques: group 1: GPX (21-mm-long teeth); group 2: GPX and xylol as solvent (21-mm-long teeth); group 3: GPX (25-mm-long teeth); group 4: GPX and xylol as solvent (25-mm-long teeth); and group 5: hand files and xylol as solvent.

Heat release, time required, and cleaning ability of MTwo R and ProTaper universal retreatment systems in the removal of filling material.

Introduction: This ex vivo study evaluated the heat release, time required, and cleaning efficacy of MTwo (VDW, Munich, Germany) and ProTaper Universal Retreatment systems (Dentsply/Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and hand instrumentation in the removal of filling material.

Methods: Sixty single-rooted human teeth with a single straight canal were obturated with gutta-percha and zinc oxide and eugenol-based cement and randomly allocated to 3 groups (n = 20). After 30-day storage at 37 °C and 100% humidity, the root fillings were removed using ProTaper UR, MTwo R, or hand files.

Effect of sputter-coating on cracking of root-end surfaces after ultrasonic retrograde preparation--a SEM study of resected root apices and their respective impressions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of sputter-coating for SEM analysis on the formation of cracks on root-end surfaces after retrograde cavity preparation with ultrasonic tips. Root-end cavities were prepared with either Satelec S12/90 degrees D diamond-coated or S12/90 degrees non-coated stainless steel retrotips. Impressions were taken before and after retrograde cavity preparation.

Radiographic analysis of root canal fillings: influence of two sealers on the perception of voids.

The aim of this ex vivo was to investigate if two radiopaque root canal sealers with different formulations would influence the radiographic perception of root canal fillings. The root canals of 48 extracted maxillary canines were prepared and randomly assigned to 3 groups of 16 specimens each. In each group, the root canals were filled by lateral condensation of gutta-percha and one of the tested sealers: Endométhasone, Sealer 26, or a non-radiopaque sealer.

Root canal area increase promoted by the EndoSequence and ProTaper systems: comparison by computed tomography.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the increase of the root canal area after instrumentation with EndoSequence or ProTaper rotary systems.

Methods: Twenty-two mesial root canals from mandibular molars were instrumented. Teeth were mounted on a base, numbered, and divided into 2 groups; teeth from 1-11 (PT group) were instrumented by using the ProTaper system, and teeth from 12-22 (ES group) were instrumented by using the EndoSequence system.

Sealing ability, marginal adaptation and their correlation using three root-end filling materials as apical plugs.

Objective: This study used dye leakage assay and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate, respectively, the sealing ability and marginal adaptation of three root-end filling materials used as apical plugs, as well as the possible correlation between these properties.

Material And Methods: Ninety-eight single-rooted human teeth were prepared to simulate an open apex. The teeth were allocated to three experimental groups (n = 30), which received a 5-mm thick apical plug of (1) gray MTA Angelus, (2) CPM and (3) MBPc, and two controls groups (n = 4).

Influence of calcium hydroxide association on the physical properties of AH Plus.

Introduction: This study evaluated in vitro the radiopacity, setting time, flow, film thickness, solubility, and dimensional changes of AH Plus sealer pure (Dentsply De Trey Gmbh, Konstanz, Germany) and containing 5% and 10% of calcium hydroxide.

Methods: The study was performed according to the requirements of the ISO 6876:2001 standard and the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA)'s Specification No. 57.

Bacterial leakage in obturated root canals-part 2: a comparative histologic and microbiologic analyses.

Objective: In this study, presence of dentin infection in root canals, obturated with 4 techniques submitted to the bacterial leakage test, was evaluated using histologic methods.

Study Design: The canals of palatal roots of 160 molars were instrumented and divided into different groups, according to the obturation technique used (lateral condensation, MicroSeal system, Touch 'n Heat + Ultrafil, and Tagger's hybrid technique) and extent of the remaining obturation material (5 mm and 10 mm). Ten additional roots were used as control samples.

Evaluation of subcutaneous and alveolar implantation surgical sites in the study of the biological properties of root-end filling endodontic materials.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare two methodologies used in the evaluation of tissue response to root-end filling materials in rats.

Material And Methods: Forty rats were divided into 4 groups: in Groups I and II (control groups), empty polyethylene tubes were implanted in the extraction site and in the subcutaneous tissue, respectively; in Groups III and IV, polyethylene tubes filled with ProRoot MTA were implanted in the extraction site and in the subcutaneous tissue, respectively. The animals were killed 7 and 30 days after tube implantation, and the hemi-maxillas and the capsular subcutaneous tissue, both with the tubes, were removed.

Propolis as storage media for avulsed teeth: microscopic and morphometric analysis in rats.

The maintenance of the avulsed teeth in appropriate media for preserving the cellular viability has been important for repairing the periodontal ligament and preventing the root resorption after tooth reimplantation. Propolis is a substance capable of preserving cellular viability. This study aimed to analyze the propolis substance as a storage media for maintaining the avulsed teeth, besides to determine the ideal time period for keeping the tooth inside it.

Evaluation of the radiopacity of some commercial and experimental root-end filling materials.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radiopacity of 5 root end filling materials (white MTA Angelus, MTA Bio, light-cured MTA, Sealepox RP, and Portland cement clinker with bismuth oxide and calcium sulfate).

Method: Five specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness according to specification ISO 6876:2001 were fabricated from each material and radiographed using Insigth occlusal films close to a graduated aluminum step-wedge (2 to 16 mm in thickness). Radiographs were digitized and compared to the aluminum step-wedge.

A preliminary study of the percentage of sealer penetration in roots obturated with the Thermafil and RealSeal-1 obturation techniques in mesial root canals of mandibular molars.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the percentage of sealer penetration in root canals filled with the Thermafil or RealSeal-1 systems analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Study Design: Twenty canals in 10 mesial roots of mandibular molars were cleaned and shaped using ProTaper and ProFile instruments to a size 35 and .04 taper at the apex and filled using RealSeal-1 or Thermafil systems in the mesial canal of each root.

Influence of preflaring on the accuracy of length determination with four electronic apex locators.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the influence of preflaring on the accuracy of 4 electronic apex locators (EALs): Root ZX, Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator, Mini Apex Locator, and Apex DSP.

Methods: Forty extracted teeth were preflared by using S1 and SX ProTaper instruments. The working length was established by reducing 1mm from the total length (TL).

Efficacy of Profile .04 taper series 29 in removing filling materials during root canal retreatment--an in vitro study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare Profile .04 taper series 29 instruments and hand files for gutta-percha removal.

Study Design: Twenty maxillary central incisors with a single straight canal were instrumented and filled.

Depth and percentage of penetration of endodontic sealers into dentinal tubules after root canal obturation using a lateral compaction technique: a confocal laser scanning microscopy study.

Objective: The aim was to compare the percentage and depth of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules during obturation using Sealer 26, GuttaFlow, or Sealapex in root canals filled with the lateral compaction technique.

Study Design: Thirty root canals filled with the lateral compaction technique using GuttaFlow (n = 10), Sealapex (n = 10), or Sealer 26 (n = 10) were analyzed using confocal microscopy. The teeth were sectioned at 3 and 5 mm from the apex, and statistical analyses was performed using analysis of variance-Tukey test (P < .

Evaluation of pH and calcium ion release of new root-end filling materials.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pH and calcium ion release of 6 materials used for root-end filling and perforation repair.

Study Design: Gray ProRoot MTA, gray MTA-Angelus, white MTA-Angelus, and CPM were compared to 2 experimental ones: MTA-exp, also based in Portland cement with a modified mixing liquid, and MBPc, an epoxy-resin based cement containing calcium hydroxide. After 3, 24, 72, and 168 hours the water in which each sample had been immersed was tested to determine the ph and calcium ion release.